Nguồn ngoài

Soils: A Practical Guide for Organic Farmers and Gardeners

This textbook is for farmers and gardeners who want to understand and improve soil. It approaches soil from a practical viewpoint on how to conserve, improve, and build it. It covers the physical/structural characteristics, soil chemistry, soil organic matter, carbon, and nutrient flows/cycles, soil sampling/testing, both organic and conventional fertilizers, living soil biology, compost, livestock/manure’s role on the farm, and farm-scale and garden-size solutions to soil problems.

Geosciences

Tác giả: Valerie Dantoin
Nhà xuất bản: Northeast Wisconsin Technical College
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY-NC
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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Mục lục· 160 mục

01: Getting Grounded in Soil
1.01: Introduction
1.02: Thoughts on Soil
1.03: Naturally-Made Soil
1.04: Good Soil Characteristics
1.05: Balanced Soil
1.06: Bread baskets
02: Physical Properties of Soil
2.01: Soil Physical Properties - Texture Structure Tilth
2.02: Water Pore Space Compaction
2.03: Soil Tilth
03: Soil Chemistry
3.01: Linking Physical Properties To Nutrient Availability
3.02: Soil pH and Liming
3.03: Relationship of pH to Nutrient Availability
3.04: Cation Exchange Capacity
3.05: Percent Base Saturation
04: Organic Matter Results in Healthy Soils
4.01: What is Organic Matter
4.1.01: Why Soil Organic Matter is So Important
4.1.02: Organic Matter And Natural Cycles
4.1.03: Summary
4.1.04: Sources
4.02: Amount of Organic Matter in Soils
4.2.01: Natural Factors Affecting Soil Organic Matter
4.2.02: Human Influences
4.2.03: Organic Matter Distribution Within Soil
4.2.04: Active Versus Passive Organic Matter
4.2.05: Amounts of Living Organic Matter
4.2.06: How Much Organic Matter Is Enough
4.2.07: Organic Matter and Cropping Systems
4.2.08: The Dynamics of Raising and Maintaining Soil Organic Matter Levels
4.2.09: Sources
4.03: Amendments - Physical Fixes
4.04: Soil Health Tests
4.4.01: Introduction
4.4.02: General Field Observations
4.4.03: Field Indicators
4.4.04: Laboratory Soil Health Testing
4.4.05: Sources
05: Nutrients from the Soil into the Plant Body
5.01: What is a Nutrient
5.02: Nutrients in the Plant Body
06: Carbon Flows and Nutrient Cycles
6.01: How Carbon Flows
6.1.01: Carbon and Nutrient Flows in History
6.1.02: Cycling and Flows in Modern Agriculture
6.1.03: Flow Patterns at Farm Scale
6.1.04: Flow Patterns at Large Scale
6.1.05: Summary
6.1.06: Sources
6.02: How Nutrients Flow
6.03: Nitrogen Cycling
6.04: Phosphorus Cycling and Flows
6.05: Improving Nutrient Cycling on the Farm
6.06: N and P Movement in the Environment
07: Soil Sampling Testing Reading Results
7.01: How to Submit Soil Samples for Testing
7.02: Ideal Soil Test Numbers
7.03: Analyzing Your Soil and Crop
7.3.01: Introduction
7.3.02: Taking Soil Samples
7.3.03: Accuracy of Recommendations Based on Soil Tests
7.3.04: Sources of Confusion About Soil Tests
7.3.05: Soil Testing for Nitrogen
7.3.06: Soil Testing for P
7.3.07: Testing Soils for Organic Matter
7.3.08: Testing Soils for pH Lime Needs
7.3.09: Interpreting Soil Test Results
7.3.10: Adjusting a Soil Test Recommendation
7.3.11: Making Adjustments to Fertilizer Application Rates
7.3.12: Managing Field Nutrient Variability
7.3.13: Testing High Tunnel Soils
7.3.14: Nutrient Recommendations without Soil Analyses
7.3.15: Summary
7.3.16: Sources
7.3.17: Chapter Appendix - The Basic Cation Saturation Ratio System
08: Fertilizers
8.01: Organic Fertilizers
8.02: Conventional Fertilizers
8.03: Management of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
8.04: OMRI Approved
8.05: How Much Do I Apply
09: Compost
9.01: The Dirty Little Secret of Compost
9.02: Making Composts
9.03: Using Composts
9.04: Advantages of Composting
9.05: A Case Study Cam Tabb
9.06: Sources
10: Living Soil
10.01: Introduction
10.02: Soil Microorganisms
10.03: Small and Medium-Size Soil Animals
10.04: Large Soil Animals
10.05: Plant Roots
10.06: Biological Diversity Abundance Activity and Balance
10.07: Summary
10.08: Sources
11: Integrating Livestock (and Manure) with Crop Fields
11.01: Introduction
11.02: Types of Crop-Livestock Farms
11.03: Manure
11.04: Manure Handling Systems
11.05: Effects of Manuring on Soils
11.06: Using Manures
11.07: Estimating Manure Nutrient Availability
11.08: Grazing
11.09: Manure as a Pollutant
11.10: Summary
11.11: A Case Study Darrell Parks
11.12: Sources
12: Helping Soil
12.01: How We Care for Soil
12.02: How We Lose Soil
12.2.01: Introduction- Wind and Water
12.2.02: Losing the Soil
12.2.03: Off-Site Effects
12.2.04: Reducing Runoff and Erosion
12.2.05: Other Practices and Structures for Soil Conservation
12.2.06: Sources
12.03: Cover Cropping
12.3.01: Introduction
12.3.02: Benefits of Cover Crops
12.3.03: Types of Cover Crops
12.3.04: Cover Crop Management
12.3.05: A Case Study Gabe Brown
12.3.06: Sources
12.04: Addressing Compaction
12.4.01: Introduction
12.4.02: Diagnosing Different Types of Compaction
12.4.03: Relieving and Preventing Compaction
12.4.04: Summary
12.4.05: Sources
12.05: Minimizing Tillage
12.5.01: Introduction
12.5.02: Tillage Systems
12.5.03: Which Tillage System is Right for Your Farm
12.5.04: Summary
12.5.05: A Case Study Steve Groff
12.5.06: Sources
12.06: Putting It All Together
12.6.01: Introduction
12.6.02: General Approaches
12.6.03: Practices to Help Remedy Specific Constraints
12.6.04: Some Final Thoughts
13: The Long View - Conventional Sustainable Organic
13.01: Two Paths One Sustainable Road
13.02: An Ethical Predicament
13.03: Soil Comes Full Circle
14: Soils for Urban Farms Gardens and Green Spaces
14.01: Introduction
14.02: Common Challenges with Urban Soils
14.03: Testing for Soil Contaminants
14.04: Soil Reconditioning Strategies
14.05: Urban Green Infrastructure
14.06: Other Construction Concerns
14.07: Summary
14.08: A Case Study City Slicker Farms
14.09: Sources