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Map: Chemistry (Zumdahl and Decoste)

General Chemistry Chemistry

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Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY-NC-SA
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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Mục lục· 242 mục

01: Chemical Foundations
1.1: Chemistry: An Overview
1.2: Chemistry Applications
1.3: The Scientific Method
1.4: Chemistry in Industry
1.5: Polymer Chemistry
02: Atoms Molecules and Ions
2.01 The Early History of Chemistry
2.02 Fundamental Chemical Laws
2.03 Dalton's Atomic Theory
2.04 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom
2.04: Cannizzaro's Interpretation
2.05 The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction
2.06 Molecules and Ions
2.07 An Introduction to the Periodic Table
2.08 Naming Simple Compounds
03: Stoichiometry
3.01 Counting by Weighing
3.02 The Mole
3.03 Molar Mass
3.04: Problem Solving Exercises
3.05 Percent Composition of Compounds
3.06 Determining the Formula of a Compound
3.07 Chemical Equations
3.08 Balancing Chemical Equations
3.09 Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products
3.10: Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant
3.11: Complex Problem Solving Approaches
04: Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
4.01 Water the Universal Solvent
4.02 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes
4.03 The Composition of Solutions
4.04 Types of Chemical Reactions
4.05 Precipitation Reactions
4.06 Describing Reactions in Solution
4.07: Selective Precipitation
4.08 Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions
4.09 Acid-Base Reactions
4.10 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
4.11: Balancing Redox Equations
4.12: Redox Titrations
05: Gases
5.01 Pressure
5.02 The Gas Laws of Boyle Charles and Avogadro
5.03 The Ideal Gas Law
5.04 Gas Stoichiometry
5.05 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
5.06 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
5.07 Effusion and Diffusion
5.08: Collisions with Container Walls
5.09: Breakdown of Ideal Gas Law: Intermolecular Collisions
5.10 Real Gases
5.11: Characteristics of Several Real Gases
5.12 Chemistry in the Atmosphere
6: Chemical Equilibrium
6.1: The Equilibrium State
6.2: Equilibrium Constants
6.3: Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures
6.4: Activity is an Effective Concetration
6.5: Heterogeneous Equilibria
6.6: Applications of the Equilibrium Constant
6.7: Solving Equilibrium Problems
6.8: Le Chatelier's Principle
6.9: Equilibria of Real Gases
06: Thermochemistry
9.1: The Nature of Energy
9.2: Enthalpy
9.3: Calorimetry
9.5: Hess's Law
9.6: Standard Enthalpies of Formation
9.7: Present Sources of Energy
9.8: New Energy Sources
7: Acids and Bases
7.01 The Nature of Acids and Bases
7.02 Acid Strength
7.03 The pH Scale
7.04 Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions
7.05 Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions
7.06 Bases
7.07 Polyprotic Acids
7.08 Acid-Base Properties of Salts
7.09: Acid Solutions that Water Contributes p
7.10: Strong Acid Solutions that Water Contributes pH
7.11: Approaches to Solve Acid-Base Problems
07: Atomic Structure and Periodicity
12.01 Electromagnetic Radiation
12.02 The Nature of Matter
12.03 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
12.04 The Bohr Model
12.05 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
12.06: Particle in a Box
12.07: The Wave Equation for the Hydrogen Atom
12.08: The Meaning of the Wavefunction
12.09: Orbital Shapes and Energies
12.10: Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle
12.11 Polyelectronic Atoms
12.12: The History of the Periodic Table
12.13: The Aufbau Principles and the Periodic Table
12.14: The Polyelectronic Model
12.15: Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties
12.16: The Properties of a Group: The Alkali Metals
08: Aqueous Solutions Equilibria
8.01: Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion
8.02: Buffered Solutions
8.03: Exact Treatment of Buffered Solutions
8.04: Buffer Capacity
8.05: Titrations and pH Curves
8.06: Acid-Base Indicators
8.07: Titrations of Polyatomic Acids
8.08: Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product
8.09: Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis Complex Ion Equilibria
8.10: Complex Ion Equilibria
08: Bonding General Concepts
13.01: Types of Chemical Bonds
13.02 Electronegativity
13.03 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments
13.04 Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes
13.05 Formation of Binary Ionic Compounds
13.06 Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds
13.07 The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model
13.08 Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions
13.09 The Localized Electron Bonding Model
13.10: Lewis Structures
13.11: Resonance
13.12: Exceptions to the Octet Rule
13.13: Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model
8: Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions
16.1 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy
16.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
16.3 The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity
16.4 Free Energy
16.5 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
16.6 Free Energy and Chemical Reactions
16.7 The Dependence of Free Energy on Pressure
16.8 Free Energy and Equilibrium
16.9 Free Energy and Work
09: Covalent Bonding Orbitals
14.01: Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model
14.02: The Molecular Orbital Model
14.03: Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
14.04: Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
14.05: Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular Orbital Models
14.06: Orbitals are Human Inventions
14.07: Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy
14.08: Electronic Spectroscopy
14.09: Vibrational Spectroscopy
14.10: Rotational Spectroscopy
14.11: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
10: Entropy Gibbs Energy and Spontaneity
10.01: Spontaneous Processes
10.02: Isothermal Expansions and Compressions of Ideal Gases
10.03: Definition of Entropy
10.04: Entropy and Physical Changes
10.05: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
10.06: The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity
10.07: Gibbs (Free) Energy
10.08: Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
10.09: Gibbs Energy and Reactions
10.10: The Dependence of Free Energy on Pressure
10.11: Gibbs Energy and Equilibrium
10.12: Free Energy and Work
11: Electrochemistry
11.1: Galvanic Cells
11.2: Standard Reduction Potential
11.3: Cell Potential Electrical Work and Gibbs Energy
11.4: Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration
11.5: Batteries
11.6: Corrosion
11.7: Electrolysis
11.8: Commercial Electrolytic Processes
15: Chemical Kinetics
15.1: Reaction Rates
15.2 Rate Laws: An Introduction
15.3: Determining the Form of the Rate Law
15.4: The Integrated Rate Law
15.5: Rate Laws: A Summary
15.6: Reaction Mechanisms
15.7: The Steady-State Approximation
15.8: A Model for Chemical Kinetics
15.9: Catalysis
16: Liquids and Solids
16.01: Intermolecular Forces
16.02: The Liquid State
16.03: An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids
16.04: Structure and Bonding in Metals
16.05: Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solids
16.06: Molecular Solids
16.07: Ionic Solids
16.08: Structures of Ionic Solids
16.09: Lattice Defects
16.10: Vapor Pressure and Changes of State
16.11: Phase Diagrams
16.12: Nanotechnology
16.E: Exercises
17: Solutions
17.1: Solution Composition
17.2: The Energies of Solution Formation
17.3: Factors Affecting Solubility
17.4: The Vapor Pressures of Solutions
17.5: Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression
17.7: Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
17.7: Osmotic Pressure
17.8: Colloids
18: The Representative Elements
18.01: A Survey of the Representative Elements
18.02: Group 1A Metals
18.03: The Chemistry of Hydrogen
18.04: Group 2A Elements
18.05: Group 3A Elements
18.06: Group 4A Elements
18.07: The Group 5A Elements
18.08: The Chemistry of Nitrogen
18.09: The Chemistry of Phosphorus
18.10: The Group 6A Elements
18.11: The Chemistry of Oxygen
18.12: The Chemistry of Sulfur
18.13: The Group 7A Elements
18.14: The Group 8A Elements
19: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
19.1: The Transition Metals: A Survey
19.2: The First-Row Transition Metals
19.3: Coordination Compounds
19.4: Isomerism
19.5: Bonding in Complex Ions
19.6: The Crystal Field Model
19.7: Molecular Orbital Model
19.8: The Biologic Importance of Coordination Complexes
20: The Nucleus A Chemists View
20.1: Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay
20.2: Radioactive Kinetics
20.3: Nuclear Transformations
20.4: Detections and Applications of Radioactivity
20.5: Thermodynamic Stability of Nuclei
20.6: Nuclear Fission and Fusion
20.7: Effects of Radiation on Matter
21: Organic and Biological Chemistry
21.1: Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons
21.2: Alkenes and Alkynes
21.3: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
21.4: Hydrocarbon Derivatives
21.5: Polymers
21.6: Natural Polymers