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Chemistry - Atoms First

General Chemistry Chemistry

Tác giả: OpenSTAX
Nhà xuất bản: LibreTexts
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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01: Essential Ideas of Chemistry
1.01: Introduction
1.02: Chemistry in Context
1.03: Phases and Classification of Matter
1.04: Physical and Chemical Properties
1.05: Measurements
1.06: Measurement Uncertainty Accuracy and Precision
1.07: Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
1.08: Key Terms
1.09: Key Equations
1.10: Summary
1.11: Exercises
02: Atoms Molecules and Ions
2.01: Introduction
2.02: Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
2.03: Evolution of Atomic Theory
2.04: Atomic Structure and Symbolism
2.05: Chemical Formulas
2.06: Key Terms
2.07: Key Equations
2.08: Summary
2.09: Exercises
03: Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties
3.01: Introduction
3.02: Electromagnetic Energy
3.03: The Bohr Model
3.04: Development of Quantum Theory
3.05: Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
3.06: Periodic Variations in Element Properties
3.07: The Periodic Table
3.08: Ionic and Molecular Compounds
3.09: Key Terms
3.10: Key Equations
3.11: Summary
3.12: Exercises
04: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
4.01: Introduction
4.02: Ionic Bonding
4.03: Covalent Bonding
4.04: Chemical Nomenclature
4.05: Lewis Symbols and Structures
4.06: Formal Charges and Resonance
4.07: Molecular Structure and Polarity
4.08: Key Terms
4.09: Key Equations
4.10: Summary
4.11: Exercises
05: Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding
5.01: Introduction
5.02: Valence Bond Theory
5.03: Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
5.04: Multiple Bonds
5.05: Molecular Orbital Theory
5.06: Key Terms
5.07: Key Equations
5.08: Summary
5.09: Exercises
06: Composition of Substances and Solutions
6.01: Introduction
6.02: Formula Mass
6.03: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
6.04: Molarity
6.05: Other Units for Solution Concentrations
6.06: Key Terms
6.07: Key Equations
6.08: Summary
6.09: Exercises
07: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
7.01: Introduction
7.02: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
7.03: Classifying Chemical Reactions
7.04: Reaction Stoichiometry
7.05: Reaction Yields
7.06: Quantitative Chemical Analysis
7.07: Key Terms
7.08: Key Equations
7.09: Summary
7.10: Exercises
08: Gases
8.01: Introduction
8.02: Gas Pressure
8.03: Relating Pressure Volume Amount and Temperature- The Ideal Gas Law
8.04: Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances Mixtures and Reactions
8.05: Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
8.06: The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
8.07: Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
8.08: Key Terms
8.09: Key Equations
8.10: Summary
8.11: Exercises
09: Thermochemistry
9.01: Introduction
9.02: Energy Basics
9.03: Calorimetry
9.04: Enthalpy
9.05: Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
9.06: Key Terms
9.07: Key Equations
9.08: Summary
9.09: Exercises
10: Liquids and Solids
10.01: Introduction
10.02: Intermolecular Forces
10.03: Properties of Liquids
10.04: Phase Transitions
10.05: Phase Diagrams
10.06: The Solid State of Matter
10.07: Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
10.08: Key Terms
10.09: Key Equations
10.10: Summary
10.11: Exercises
11: Solutions and Colloids
11.01: Introduction
11.02: The Dissolution Process
11.03: Electrolytes
11.04: Solubility
11.05: Colligative Properties
11.06: Colloids
11.07: Key Terms
11.08: Key Equations
11.09: Summary
11.10: Exercises
12: Thermodynamics
12.01: Introduction
12.02: Spontaneity
12.03: Entropy
12.04: The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
12.05: Free Energy
12.06: Key Terms
12.07: Key Equations
12.08: Summary
12.09: Exercises
13: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
13.01: Introduction
13.02: Chemical Equilibria
13.03: Equilibrium Constants
13.04: Shifting Equilibria- Le Chateliers Principle
13.05: Equilibrium Calculations
13.06: Key Terms
13.07: Key Equations
13.08: Summary
13.09: Exercises
14: Acid-Base Equilibria
14.01: Introduction
14.02: Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
14.03: pH and pOH
14.04: Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
14.05: Hydrolysis of Salt
14.06: Polyprotic Acids
14.07: Buffers
14.08: Acid-Base Titrations
14.09: Key Terms
14.10: Key Equations
14.11: Summary
14.12: Exercises
15: Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
15.01: Introduction
15.02: Precipitation and Dissolution
15.03: Lewis Acids and Bases
15.04: Coupled Equilibria
15.05: Key Terms
15.06: Key Equations
15.07: Summary
15.08: Exercises
16: Electrochemistry
16.01: Introduction
16.02: Review of Redox Chemistry
16.03: Galvanic Cells
16.04: Electrode and Cell Potentials
16.05: Potential Free Energy and Equilibrium
16.06: Batteries and Fuel Cells
16.07: Corrosion
16.08: Electrolysis
16.09: Key Terms
16.10: Key Equations
16.11: Summary
16.12: Exercises
17: Kinetics
17.01: Introduction
17.02: Chemical Reaction Rates
17.03: Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
17.04: Rate Laws
17.05: Integrated Rate Laws
17.06: Collision Theory
17.07: Reaction Mechanisms
17.08: Catalysis
17.09: Key Terms
17.10: Key Equations
17.11: Summary
17.12: Exercises
18: Representative Metals Metalloids and Nonmetals
18.01: Introduction
18.02: Periodicity
18.03: Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
18.04: Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
18.05: Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
18.06: Occurrence Preparation and Compounds of Hydrogen
18.07: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Carbonates
18.08: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Nitrogen
18.09: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Phosphorus
18.10: Occurrence Preparation and Compounds of Oxygen
18.11: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Sulfur
18.12: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Halogens
18.13: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of the Noble Gases
18.14: Key Terms
18.15: Summary
18.16: Exercises
19: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
19.01: Introduction
19.02: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
19.03: Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
19.04: Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
19.05: Key Terms
19.06: Summary
19.07: Exercises
20: Nuclear Chemistry
20.01: Introduction
20.02: Nuclear Structure and Stability
20.03: Nuclear Equations
20.04: Radioactive Decay
20.05: Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
20.06: Uses of Radioisotopes
20.07: Biological Effects of Radiation
20.08: Key Terms
20.09: Key Equations
20.10: Summary
20.11: Exercises
21: Organic Chemistry
21.01: Introduction
21.02: Hydrocarbons
21.03: Alcohols and Ethers
21.04: Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids and Esters
21.05: Amines and Amides
21.06: Key Terms
21.07: Summary
21.08: Exercises
22: Appendices
22.01: The Periodic Table
22.02: Essential Mathematics
22.03: Units and Conversion Factors
22.04: Fundamental Physical Constants
22.05: Water Properties
22.06: Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
22.07: Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
22.08: Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
22.09: Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
22.10: Solubility Products
22.11: Formation Constants for Complex Ions
22.12: Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
22.13: Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes
22.14: Answer Key
22.14.01: Chapter 1
22.14.02: Chapter 2
22.14.03: Chapter 3
22.14.04: Chapter 4
22.14.05: Chapter 5
22.14.06: Chapter 6
22.14.07: Chapter 7
22.14.08: Chapter 8
22.14.09: Chapter 9
22.14.10: Chapter 10
22.14.11: Chapter 11
22.14.12: Chapter 12
22.14.13: Chapter 13
22.14.14: Chapter 14
22.14.15: Chapter 15
22.14.16: Chapter 16
22.14.17: Chapter 17
22.14.18: Chapter 18
22.14.19: Chapter 19
22.14.20: Chapter 20
22.14.21: Chapter 21