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The Basics of GOB Chemistry

This textbook offers a comprehensive introduction to general, organic, and biological chemistry, structured to build a strong foundation for students in health, life sciences, and related fields. This textbook is intended for the one-semester GOB course and is divided into approximately one-half general chemistry topics, one-fourth organic chemistry topics, and one-fourth biochemistry topics.

Introductory Chemistry Chemistry

Tác giả: LibreTexts
Nhà xuất bản: LibreTexts
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY-NC-SA
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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Mục lục· 219 mục

01: Chemistry Matter and Measurement
1.00: Prelude to Chemistry Matter and Measurement
1.01: What is Chemistry
1.02: The Classification of Matter
1.03: Measurements
1.04: Expressing Numbers - Scientific Notation
1.05: Expressing Numbers - Significant Figures
1.06: The International System of Units
1.07: Converting Units
1.08: Dosage Calculations
1.E: Chemistry Matter and Measurement (Exercises)
1.S: Chemistry Matter and Measurement (Summary)
02: Elements Atoms and the Periodic Table
2.00: Prelude to Elements Atoms and the Periodic Table
2.01: The Elements
2.02: Atomic Theory
2.03: The Structure of Atoms
2.04: Nuclei of Atoms
2.05: Atomic Masses
2.06: Arrangements of Electrons
2.07: The Periodic Table
2.E: Elements Atoms and the Periodic Table (Exercises)
2.S: Elements Atoms and the Periodic Table (Summary)
03: Ionic Bonding and Simple Ionic Compounds
3.00: Prelude to Ionic Bonding and Simple Ionic Compounds
3.01: Two Types of Bonding
3.02: Ions
3.03: Formulas for Ionic Compounds
3.04: Ionic Nomenclature
3.05: Formula Mass
3.06: Characteristics of Ionic Compounds
3.E: Ionic Bonding and Simple Ionic Compounds (Exercises)
3.S: Ionic Bonding and Simple Ionic Compounds (Summary)
04: Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds
4.00: Prelude to Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds
4.01: Covalent Bonds
4.02: Covalent Compounds - Formulas and Names
4.03: Drawing Lewis Structures
4.04: Characteristics of Covalent Bonds
4.05: Characteristics of Molecules
4.06: Organic Chemistry
4.E: Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds (Exercises)
4.S: Covalent Bonding and Simple Molecular Compounds (Summary)
05: Introduction to Chemical Reactions
5.00: Prelude to Introduction to Chemical Reactions
5.01: The Law of Conservation of Matter
5.02: Chemical Equations
5.03: Quantitative Relationships Based on Chemical Equations
5.04: Some Types of Chemical Reactions
5.05: Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
5.06: Redox Reactions in Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
5.E: Introduction to Chemical Reactions (Exercises)
5.S: Introduction to Chemical Reactions (Summary)
06: Quantities in Chemical Reactions
6.00: Prelude to Quantities in Chemical Reactions
6.01: The Mole
6.02: Atomic and Molar Masses
6.03: Mole-Mass Conversions
6.04: Mole-Mole Relationships in Chemical Reactions
6.05: Mole-Mass and Mass-Mass Problems
6.E: Quantities in Chemical Reactions (Exercise)
6.S: Quantities in Chemical Reactions (Summary)
07: Energy and Chemical Processes
7.00: Prelude to Energy and Chemical Processes
7.01: Energy and Its Units
7.02: Heat and Temperature
7.03: Phase Changes
7.04: Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions
7.05: The Energy of Biochemical Reactions
7.E: Energy and Chemical Processes (Exercises)
7.S: Energy and Chemical Processes (Summary)
08: Solids Liquids and Gases
8.00: Prelude to Solids Liquids and Gases
8.01: Intermolecular Interactions
8.02: Solids and Liquids
8.03: Gases and Pressure
8.04: Gas Laws
8.E: Solids Liquids and Gases (Exercises)
8.S: Solids Liquids and Gases (Summary)
09: Solutions
9.00: Prelude to Solutions
9.01: Solutions
9.02: Concentration
9.03: The Dissolution Process
9.04: Properties of Solutions
9.05: Chemical Equilibrium
9.06: Le Chatelier's Principle
9.07: Osmosis and Diffusion
9.E: Solutions (Exercises)
9.S: Solutions (Summary)
10: Acids and Bases
10.00: Prelude to Acids and Bases
10.01: Arrhenius Definition of Acids and Bases
10.02: Brnsted-Lowry Definition of Acids and Bases
10.03: Water - Both an Acid and a Base
10.04: The Strengths of Acids and Bases
10.05: Buffers
10.E: Acids and Bases (Exercises)
10.S: Acids and Bases (Summary)
11: Nuclear Chemistry
11.00: Prelude to Nuclear Chemistry
11.01: Radioactivity
11.02: Half-Life
11.03: Units of Radioactivity
11.04: Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
11.05: Nuclear Energy
11.E: Nuclear Chemistry (Exercises)
11.S: Nuclear Chemistry (Summary)
12: Organic Chemistry - Alkanes and Halogenated Hydrocarbons
12.00: Prelude to Organic Chemistry - Alkanes and Halogenated Hydrocarbons
12.01: Organic Chemistry
12.02: Structures and Names of Alkanes
12.03: Branched-Chain Alkanes
12.04: Condensed Structural and Line-Angle Formulas
12.05: IUPAC Nomenclature
12.06: Physical Properties of Alkanes
12.07: Chemical Properties of Alkanes
12.08: Halogenated Hydrocarbons
12.09: Cycloalkanes
12.E: Organic Chemistry- Alkanes and Halogenated Hydrocarbons (Exercises)
12.S: Organic Chemistry- Alkanes and Halogenated Hydrocarbons (Summary)
13: Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
13.00: Prelude to Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
13.01: Alkenes- Structures and Names
13.02: Cis-Trans Isomers (Geometric Isomers)
13.03: Physical Properties of Alkenes
13.04: Chemical Properties of Alkenes
13.05: Polymers
13.06: Alkynes
13.07: Aromatic Compounds- Benzene
13.08: Structure and Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds
13.E: Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Exercises)
13.S: Unsaturated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Summary)
14: Organic Compounds of Oxygen
14.00: Prelude to Organic Compounds of Oxygen
14.01: Organic Compounds with Functional Groups
14.02: Alcohols - Nomenclature and Classification
14.03: Physical Properties of Alcohols
14.04: Reactions that Form Alcohols
14.05: Reactions of Alcohols
14.06: Glycols and Glycerol
14.07: Phenols
14.08: Ethers
14.09: Aldehydes and Ketones- Structure and Names
14.10: Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
14.11: Organic Sulfur Compounds
14.E: Organic Compounds of Oxygen (Exercises)
14.S: Organic Compounds of Oxygen (Summary)
15: Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives
15.00: Prelude to Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives
15.01: Carboxylic Acids - Structures and Names
15.02: The Formation of Carboxylic Acids
15.03: Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
15.04: Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids- Ionization and Neutralization
15.05: Esters - Structures and Names
15.06: Physical Properties of Esters
15.07: Preparation of Esters
15.08: Hydrolysis of Esters
15.09: Esters of Phosphoric Acid
15.10: Amines - Structures and Names
15.11: Physical Properties of Amines
15.12: Amines as Bases
15.13: Amides- Structures and Names
15.14: Physical Properties of Amides
15.15: Formation of Amides
15.16: Chemical Properties of Amides- Hydrolysis
15.S: Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives (Summary)
16: Carbohydrates
16.00: Prelude to Carbohydrates
16.01: Carbohydrates
16.02: Classes of Monosaccharides
16.03: Important Hexoses
16.04: Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides
16.05: Properties of Monosaccharides
16.06: Disaccharides
16.07: Polysaccharides
16.S: Carbohydrates (Summary)
17: Lipids
17.00: Prelude to Lipids
17.01: Fatty Acids
17.02: Fats and Oils
17.03: Membranes and Membrane Lipids
17.04: Steroids
17.E: Exercises
17.S: Lipids (Summary)
18: Amino Acids Proteins and Enzymes
18.00: Prelude to Amino Acids Proteins and Enzymes
18.01: Properties of Amino Acids
18.02: Reactions of Amino Acids
18.03: Peptides
18.04: Proteins
18.05: Enzymes
18.06: Enzyme Action
18.07: Enzyme Activity
18.08: Enzyme Inhibition
18.09: Enzyme Cofactors and Vitamins
18.E: Amino Acids Proteins and Enzymes (Exercises)
18.S: Amino Acids Proteins and Enzymes (Summary)
19: Nucleic Acids
19.00: Prelude to Nucleic Acids
19.01: Nucleotides
19.02: Nucleic Acid Structure
19.03: Replication and Expression of Genetic Information
19.04: Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code
19.05: Mutations and Genetic Diseases
19.06: Viruses
19.E: Nucleic Acids (Exercises)
19.S: Nucleic Acids (Summary)
20: Energy Metabolism
20.00: Prelude to Energy Metabolism
20.01: ATP- the Universal Energy Currency
20.02: Stage I of Catabolism
20.03: Overview of Stage II of Catabolism
20.04: Stage III of Catabolism
20.05: Stage II of Carbohydrate Catabolism
20.06: Stage II of Lipid Catabolism
20.07: Stage II of Protein Catabolism
20.E: Energy Metabolism (Exercises)
20.S: Energy Metabolism (Summary)