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CHEM 100: Foundations of Chemistry

Chemistry

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Nguồn: LibreTexts
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Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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01: The Chemical World
1.1: The Scope of Chemistry
1.2: Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things
1.3: Hypothesis Theories and Laws
1.4: The Scientific Method - How Chemists Think
1.5: A Beginning Chemist - How to Succeed
1.6: Exercises
02: Measurement and Problem Solving
2.01: Taking Measurements
2.02: Scientific Notation - Writing Large and Small Numbers
2.03: Significant Figures - Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision
2.04: Significant Figures in Calculations
2.05: The Basic Units of Measurement
2.06: Problem Solving and Unit Conversions
2.07: Solving Multistep Conversion Problems
2.08: Units Raised to a Power
2.09: Density
2.10: Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map
2.11: Measurement and Problem Solving (Exercises)
03: Matter and Energy
3.01: In Your Room
3.02: What is Matter
3.03: Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid Liquid and Gas
3.04: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition
3.05: Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties
3.06: Changes in Matter - Physical and Chemical Changes
3.07: Conservation of Mass - There is No New Matter
3.08: Energy
3.09: Energy and Chemical and Physical Change
3.10: Temperature - Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms
3.11: Temperature Changes - Heat Capacity
3.12: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations
3.13: Matter and Energy (Exercises)
04: Atoms and Elements
4.1: Cutting Alumimun until you get Atoms
4.2: Indivisible - The Atomic Theory
4.3: The Nuclear Atom
4.4: The Properties of Protons Neutrons and Electrons
4.5: Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons
4.6: Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Table
4.7: Ions - Losing and Gaining Electrons
4.8: Isotopes - When the Number of Neutrons Varies
4.9: Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
05: Molecules and Compounds
5.01: Sugar and Salt
5.02: Compounds Display Constant Composition
5.03: Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds
5.04: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds
5.05: Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
5.06: Nomenclature: Naming Compounds
5.07: Naming Ionic Compounds
5.08: Naming Molecular Compounds
5.09: Naming Acids
5.10: Nomenclature Summary
5.11: Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit
06: Chemical Composition
6.1: How Much Sodium
6.2: Counting Nails by the Pound
6.3: Counting Atoms by the Gram
6.4: Counting Molecules by the Gram
6.5: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors
6.6: Mass Percent Composition of Compounds
6.7: Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula
6.8: Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds
6.9: Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds
07: Chemical Reactions
7.01: Grade School Volcanoes Automobiles and Laundry Detergents
7.02: Evidence of a Chemical Reaction
7.03: Chemical Equations
7.04: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations
7.05: Aqueous Solutions and Solubility - Compounds Dissolved in Water
7.06: Precipitation Reactions
7.07: Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution- Molecular Complete Ionic and Net Ionic Equations
7.08: AcidBase and Gas Evolution Reactions
7.09: OxidationReduction Reactions
7.10: Classifying Chemical Reactions
7.11: The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
08: Quantities in Chemical Reactions
8.1: Climate Change - Too Much Carbon Dioxide
8.2: Stoichiometry
8.3: Mole-to-Mole Conversions
8.4: Making Molecules: Mole to Mass (or vice versa) and Mass-to-Mass Conversions
8.5: Limiting Reactant and Theoretical Yield
8.6: Limiting Reactant Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants
8.7: Enthalpy Change is a Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed
09: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table
9.01: Blimps Balloons and Models of the Atom
9.02: Light is Visible Electromagnetic Radiation
9.03: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
9.04: The Bohr Model - Atoms with Orbits
9.05: The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals
9.06: Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations
9.07: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
9.08: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model
9.09: Periodic Trends: Atomic Size Ionization Energy and Metallic Character
9.10: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table (Exercises)
10: Chemical Bonding
10.1: Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs
10.2: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots
10.3: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred
10.4: Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared
10.5: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds
10.6: Resonance - Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule
10.7: Predicting the Shapes of Molecules
10.8: Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Dont Mix
11: Gases
11.01: Extra-Long Straws
11.02: Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases
11.03: Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions
11.04: Boyles Law: Pressure and Volume
11.05: Charless Law: Volume and Temperature
11.06: Gay-Lussac's Law: Temperature and Pressure
11.07: The Combined Gas Law: Pressure Volume and Temperature
11.08: Avogadros Law: Volume and Moles
11.09: The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure Volume Temperature and Moles
11.10: Mixtures of Gases - Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen
11.11: Gases in Chemical Reactions
12: Liquids Solids and Intermolecular Forces
12.1: Interactions between Molecules
12.2: Properties of Liquids and Solids
12.3: Surface Tension and Viscosity
12.4: Evaporation and Condensation
12.5: Melting Freezing and Sublimation
12.6: Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion DipoleDipole Hydrogen Bonding and Ion-Dipole
12.7: Types of Crystalline Solids
12.8: Water - A Remarkable Molecule
13: Solutions
13.01: Prelude - Tragedy in Cameroon
13.02: Solutions - Homogeneous Mixtures
13.03: Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy
13.04: Solutions of Gases in Water
13.05: Solution Concentration: Mass Percent
13.06: Solution Concentration: Molarity
13.07: Solution Dilution
13.08: Solution Stoichiometry
13.09: Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation
13.10: Osmosis
14: Acids and Bases
14.01: Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies
14.02: Acids: Properties and Examples
14.03: Bases: Properties and Examples
14.04: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases
14.05: Reactions of Acids and Bases
14.06: AcidBase Titration
14.07: Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
14.08: Water - Acid and Base in One
14.09: The pH and pOH Scales - Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity
14.10: Buffers are Solutions that Resist pH Change
15: Chemical Equilibrium
15.01: Life is Controlled Disequilibrium
15.02: The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
15.03: The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium
15.04: The Equilibrium Constant - A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes
15.05: Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid
15.06: Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants
15.07: Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Chateliers Principle
15.08: The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium
15.09: The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium
15.10: The Effect of Temperature Changes on Equilibrium
15.11: The Solubility-Product Constant
15.12: The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst
16: Oxidation and Reduction
16.1: The End of the Internal Combustion Engine
16.2: Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions
16.3: Oxidation States - Electron Bookkeeping
16.4: Balancing Redox Equations
16.5: The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
16.6: Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity
16.7: Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry
16.8: Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions
17: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
17.01: Diagnosing Appendicitis
17.02: The Discovery of Radioactivity
17.03: Types of Radioactivity: Alpha Beta and Gamma Decay
17.04: Detecting Radioactivity
17.05: Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life
17.06: Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts
17.07: The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb
17.08: Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity
17.09: Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun
17.10: The Effects of Radiation on Life
17.11: Radioactivity in Medicine