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VTCSOM Block V Preparation Materials

Medicine

Tác giả: Renée LeClair
Nhà xuất bản: Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY-NC-SA
Ngôn ngữ: EN

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Mục lục· 429 mục

01: Basic Microbiology and Infection Control
1.01: Classification - The Three Domain System
1.02: Sizes Shapes and Arrangements of Bacteria
1.03: The Peptidoglycan Cell Wall
1.3.01: Damage of the Cell Wall
1.3A: The Gram-Positive Cell Wall
1.3B: The Gram-Negative Cell Wall
1.3C: The Acid-Fast Cell Wall
1.04: Structures Outside the Cell Wall
1.4A: Glycocalyx (Capsules) and Biofilms
1.4B: Flagella
1.4C: Fimbriae and Pili
1.05: Cellular Components within the Cytoplasm
1.5A: Cytoplasm
1.5B: The Bacterial Chromosome and Nucleoid
1.5C: Plasmids and Transposons
1.5D: Ribosomes
1.5E: Endospores
1.5F: Inclusion Bodies and Organelles Used for Photosynthesis
1.06: An Overview to Control of Microorganisms
1.07: Ways in which Chemical Control Agents Affect Bacteria
1.08: Ways in which Bacteria May Resist Chemical Control Agents
02: Pathogenicity
2.01: Overview of Microbe-Host Interactions
2.1A: Normal Microbiota and Host Relationships
2.1B: Opportunistic Microorganisms
2.1C: Cooperation Among Microorganisms
2.02: Penetrating Host Defenses
2.2A: Penetrating Host Defenses
2.2B: Pili and Pilus Assembly
2.2C: Biofilms and Infections
2.03: Damaging Host Cells
2.3A: Toxins
2.3B: Direct Damage
2.3C: Type III and Type IV Secretion
2.3D: Plasmids and Lysogeny
2.3E: Siderophores
2.04: Surviving Within the Host and Exiting the Host
2.4A: Intracellular Pathogens
2.4B: Extracellular Immune Avoidance
2.4C: Regulating Virulence
2.4D: Portals of Exit
2.05: Pathogenicity and Other Microbes
2.5A: Fungi
2.5B: Protozoa
2.5C: Helminths
2.5D: Algae
03: Bacteria
3.01: Clostridium tetani
3.02: Escherichia coli
3.03: Haemophilus influenzae
3.04: Helicobacter pylori
3.05: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
3.06: Neisseria meningitidis
3.07: Staphylococcus aureus
3.08: Streptococcus pneumoniae
3.09: Streptococcus pyogenes
3.10: Vibrio cholerae
04: Culturing Bacteria
4.01: Culture Media
4.02: Complex and Synthetic Media
4.03: Selective and Differential Media
4.04: Aseptic Technique Dilution Streaking and Spread Plates
4.05: Special Culture Techniques
05: Entry into the Host
5.01: Portals of Microbe Entry
5.02: Colonization and Growth
5.03: Pathogenicity Islands and Virulence Factors
5.04: Adherence
5.05: Host Risk Factors
5.06: Innate Resistance
06: Bacterial Infections
6.01: Bacterial Diseases of the Respiratory System
6.1A: Pharyngitis
1.01: Scarlet Fever
6.1C: Diphtheria
6.1D: Otitis Media
6.1E: Whooping Cough
6.1F: Tuberculosis
6.1G: Bacterial Pneumonias
6.02: Bacterial Diseases of the Mouth
6.2A: Tooth and Gum Infections
6.2B: Dental Caries
6.2C: Periodontal Disease
6.03: Bacterial Diseases of the Digestive System
6.3A: Bacterial Gastroenteritis
6.3B: Staphylococcal Food Poisoning
6.3C: Salmonellosis
6.3D: Typhoid Fever
6.3E: Cholera
6.3F: Noncholera Vibrios
6.3G: Pathogenic Escherichia coli
6.3H: Campylobacter
6.3I: Peptic Ulcer Disease
6.3J: Listeriosis
6.04: Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System
6.4A: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
6.4B: Cystitis
6.4C: Pyelonephritis
6.4D: Leptospirosis
6.05: Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive System
6.5A: Prostatitis
6.5B: Prostatitis
6.5C: Gonorrhea
6.5D: Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU)
6.5E: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
6.5F: Syphilis
6.5G: Genital Ulcer Diseases
6.5H: Lymphogranuloma Venereum
6.5I: Group B Streptococcus Colonization
6.5J: Chancroid (Soft Chancre)
6.5K: Bacterial Vaginosis
6.5L: Chlamydia
6.06: Microbial Diseases of the Skin
6.6A: Structure of the Skin- Epidermis
6.6B: Microbiota of the Skin
6.6C: Bacterial Skin Diseases
6.6D: Viral Skin Diseases
6.6E: Fungal Skin and Nail Diseases
6.6F: Parasitic Skin Diseases
6.07: Microbial Diseases of the Eye
6.7A: Anatomy of the Eye
6.7B: Normal Eye Microbiota
6.7C: Bacterial Eye Diseases
6.7D: Other Infectious Eye Diseases
6.08: Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System
6.8A: Functions of the Nervous System
6.8B: Subdivisions of the Nervous System
6.8C: Meningitis
6.8D: Botulism
6.8E: Leprosy
6.8F: Tetanus
6.8G: Paralysis-Causing Bacterial Neurotoxins
07: Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses
7.01: Physical Defenses
7.02: Chemical Defenses
7.03: Cellular Defenses
7.04: Pathogen Recognition and Phagocytosis
08: Basic Immunology Review
8.01: Overview of the Immune System
8.02: Anatomical Barriers to Infection Mechanical Removal of Microbes and Bacterial Antagonism by Normal Body Microbiota
8.03: Cells and Organs of the Immune System
8.04: Antimicrobial Enzymes and Antimicrobial Peptides
8.05: The Complement System
09: Innate Immunity
9.01: Overview of Immunity
9.02: The Innate Immune Response
9.03: The Innate Immune System- An Overview
9.04: Overview of Human-Microbial Reactions
9.05: Natural Killer Cells
9.06: Physical and Chemical Barriers
9.07: The Complement System
9.08: Pathogen Recognition
9.09: Defense Cells in the Blood- The Leukocytes
9.10: Defense Cells in the Tissue - Dendritic Cells Macrophages and Mast Cells
9.11: Early Induced Innate Immunity
9.11A: Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
9.11B: Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
9.11C: Cytokines Important in Innate Immunity
9.11D: Harmful Effects Associated with Abnormal Pattern-Recognition Receptor Responses Variations in Innate Immune Signaling Pathways and or Levels of Cytokine Production
9.11E: Phagocytosis
9.11F: Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) and Invariant Natural Killer T-Lymphocytes (iNKT Cells)
9.11G: Inflammation
9.11H: Nutritional Immunity
9.11I: Fever
9.11J: The Acute Phase Response
9.11K: Intraepithelial T-lymphocytes and B-1 cells
10: Adaptive Immunity
10.01: Immunodeficiency
10.1.E: Immunodeficiency (Exercises)
10.02: Hypersensitivities
10.2.E: Hypersensitivities (Exercises)
10.03: Introduction to Adaptive Immunity
10.3.01: An Overview of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
10.3.02: Antigens and Epitopes
10.3.03: Major Cells and Key Cell Surface Molecules Involved in Adaptive Immune Responses
10.3.3A: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecules
10.3.3B: Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
10.3.3C: T4-Lymphocytes (T4-Cells)
10.3.3D: T8-Lymphocytes (T8-Cells)
10.3.3E: Invarient Natural Killer T-Lymphocytes (iNKT Cells)
10.3.3F: B-Lymphocytes (B-Cells)
10.3.3G: Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
10.3.04: The Lymphoid System
10.3.05: An Overview of the Steps Involved in Adaptive Immune Responses
10.3.E: Introduction to Adaptive Immunity (Exercises)
10.04: Humoral Immunity
10.4.01: Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
10.4.1B: Antibody Structure
10.4.1C: The 5 Classes (Isotypes) of Human Antibodies
10.4.1D: Generation of Antibody Diversity
10.4.1E: Clonal Selection and Clonal Expansion
10.4.1F: Anamnestic (Memory) Response
10.4.02: Ways That Antibodies Help to Defend the Body
10.4.2A: Opsonization
10.4.2B: Cytolysis by the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
10.4.2C: Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) by Natural Killer Cells
10.4.2D: Neutralization of Exotoxins
10.4.2E: Neutralization of Viruses
10.4.2F: Preventing Bacterial Adherence
10.4.2G: Agglutination of Microorganisms
10.4.2H: Immobilization of Bacteria and Protozoans
10.4.2I: Promoting an Inflammatory Response
10.4.03: Naturally and Artificially Acquired Active and Passive Immunity
10.4.3A: Naturally Acquired Immunity
10.4.3B: Artificially Acquired Immunity
10.4.E: Humoral Immunity (Exercises)
10.05: Cell-Mediated Immunity
10.5.01: Cell-Mediated Immunity - An Overview
10.5.02: Activating Antigen-Specific Cytotoxic T- Lymphocytes
10.5.03: Activating Macrophages and NK Cells
10.5.04: Stimulating Cells to Secrete Cytokines
10.5.E: Cell-Mediated Immunity (Exercises)
11: Specific Adaptive Host Defenses
11.01: Architecture of the Immune System
11.02: Antigens Antigen Presenting Cells and Major Histocompatibility Complexes
11.03: T Lymphocytes
11.04: B Lymphocytes and Antibodies
12: Hypersensitivities
12.01: Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions
12.02: Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergy
12.03: Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions
12.04: Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions
12.05: Type IV (Delayed Cell-Mediated) Reactions
12.06: Immunity Disorders- Hypersensitivity
13: Laboratory Analysis of the Immune Response
13.01: Practical Applications of Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies
13.02: Detecting Antigen-Antibody Complexes in vitro
13.03: Agglutination Assays
13.04: Enzyme Immunoassays (EIA) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA)
13.05: Fluorescent Auto-Antibody Techniques
13.E: Laboratory Analysis of the Immune Response (Exercises)
14: Immunodeficiencies
14.01: Immunity Disorders- Autoimmune Diseases
14.1A: Immunodeficiency
14.02: Autoimmune Disorders
14.03: Superantigens
14.04: Immunity Disorders- Immunodeficiencies
14.05: Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Reactions
14.06: Immune Complex Autoimmune Reactions
14.07: Cytotoxic Autoimmune Reactions
14.08: Primary Immunodeficiency
14.09: Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
14.10: Secondary Immunodeficiency
14.11: Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases
14.12: Immunotherapy for Cancer
14.13: The Roles of Genetics and Gender in Autoimmune Disease
15: Acellular Pathogens
15.01: Viruses
15.02: The Viral Life Cycle
15.03: Isolation Culture and Identification of Viruses
15.04: Viroids Virusoids and Prions
15.05: Viral Replication
15.5A: General Features of Virus Replication
15.5B: Steps of Virus Infections
15.5C: Tissue Tropism in Animal Viruses
15.5D: Animal Viruses
15.5E: Plant Virus Life Cycles
15.06: Viral Diversity
15.6A: Overview of Bacterial Viruses
15.6B: RNA Bacteriophages
15.6C: Single-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages
15.6D: Double-Stranded DNA Bacteriophages
15.6E: Mu- A Double-Stranded Transposable DNA Bacteriophage
15.6F: Virulent Bacteriophages and T4
15.6G: Temperate Bacteriophages - Lambda and P1
15.6H: Viruses of Archaea
15.07: Positive-Strand RNA Viruses in Animals
15.7A: Positive-Strand RNA Viruses of Animals
15.7B: Virus Attachment and Genome Entry
15.7C: Viral Replication and Gene Expression
15.7D: Viral Exit
15.08: Retroviruses- Double-Stranded RNA Viruses
15.8A: Double-Stranded RNA Viruses - Retroviruses
15.8B: HIV Attachment and Host Cell Entry
15.8C: Retroviral RNA Genome
15.8D: Replicative Cycle of HIV
15.09: Negative-Strand RNA Viruses in Animals
15.9.01: Negative-Strand RNA Viruses of Animals
15.9.02: Attachment and Entry to the Host Cell
15.9.03: Replicative Cycle of Influenza A
15.10: DNA Viruses in Eukaryotes
15.10.01: Plant DNA Viruses
15.10.02: Replication of Double-Stranded DNA Viruses of Animals
15.10.03: Double-Stranded DNA Viruses - Herpesviruses
15.10.04: Attachment and Entry of Herpes Simplex
15.10.05: Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus
15.10.06: Immunodeficiency
15.10.07: Double-Stranded DNA Viruses - Pox Viruses
15.10.08: Double-Stranded DNA Viruses- Adenoviruses
15.10.09: Retroviruses and Hepadnavirus
15.10.10: Treatment of Animal Viral Infections
15.11: Viruses and Cancer
15.11.01: Cancer Viruses
15.11.02: DNA Oncogenic Viruses
15.11.03: RNA Oncogenic Viruses
15.12: Overview of Viruses
15.12.01: Discovery and Detection of Viruses
15.12.02: Nature of the Virion
15.12.03: Viral Genomes
15.12.04: Host Range
15.12.05: Viral Size
15.13: Structure of Viruses
15.13A: Viral Morphology
15.13B: General Morphology
15.13C: Complex and Asymmetrical Virus Particles
15.14: Classifying Viruses
15.14.01: The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
15.14.02: The Baltimore Virus Classification
15.14.03: Evolution of Viruses
15.14.04: Medical Importance of Viruses
15.15: Culturing Viruses
15.15A: Batch Culture of Bacteriophages
15.15B: Tissue Culture of Animal Viruses
15.15C: Inoculation of Live Animals
15.15D: Viral Identification
15.16: Subviral Entities
15.16A: Defective Viruses
15.16B: Viroids
15.16C: Prions
15.17: Viral Ecology
15.17A: Emergence of Viral Pathogens
15.17B: Viral Roles in Ecosystems
16: The Eukaryotes of Microbiology
16.01: Unicellular Eukaryotic Microorganisms
16.02: Parasitic Helminths
16.03: Fungi
16.04: Algae
16.05: Lichens
16.E: The Eukaryotes of Microbiology (Exercises)
17: Systemic Infections
17.01: Respiratory System Infections
17.1.01: Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract
17.1.02: Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract
17.1.03: Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract
17.1.04: Respiratory Mycoses
17.1.E: Respiratory System Infections (Exercises)
17.02: Urogenital System Infections
17.2.01: Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract
17.2.02: Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System
17.2.03: Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System
17.2.04: Viral Infections of the Reproductive System
17.2.05: Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System
17.2.06: Protozoan Infections of the Reproductive System
17.2.E: Urogenital System Infections (Exercises)
17.03: Digestive System Infections
17.3.01: Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System
17.3.02: Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity
17.3.03: Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
17.3.04: Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
17.3.05: Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
17.3.06: Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract
17.3.E: Digestive System Infections (Exercises)
17.04: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections
17.4.01: Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
17.4.02: Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
17.4.03: Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
17.4.04: Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
17.4.E: Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections (Exercises)
17.05: Nervous System Infections
17.5.01: Anatomy of the Nervous System
17.5.02: Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
17.5.03: Acellular Pathogenic Diseases of the Nervous System
17.5.04: Neuromycoses and Parasitic Diseases of the Nervous System
17.5.E: Nervous System Infections (Exercises)
17.06: Fungal Diseases of the Respiratory System
17.6.01: Histoplasmosis
17.6.02: Coccidiomycosis
17.6.03: Pneumocystis Pneumonia
17.6.04: Blastomycosis
17.6.05: Other Fungi Involved in Respiratory Disease
17.07: Fungal and Protozoan Diseases of the Digestive System
17.7.01: Ergot Poisoning
17.7.02: Aflatoxin Poisoning
17.7.03: Giardiasis
17.7.04: Cryptosporidiosis
17.7.05: Cyclospora Diarrheal Infection
17.7.06: Amoebic Dysentery (Amoebiasis)
17.7.07: Legionellosis
17.08: Helminthic Diseases of the Digestive System
17.8.01: Tapeworms
17.8.02: Hydatid Disease
17.8.03: Nematodes
17.09: Fungal and Protozoan Diseases of the Reproductive System
17.9.01: Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
17.9.02: Trichomoniasis
17.9.03: The TORCH Panel of Tests
17.10: Fungal Skin and Nail Diseases
17.11: Parasitic Skin Diseases
17.12: Other Infectious Eye Diseases
17.13: Fungal Protozoan Prion and Other Diseases of the Nervous System
17.13.01: Cryptococcosis
17.13.02: African Trypanosomiasis
17.13.03: Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
17.13.04: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
17.13.05: Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
17.13.06: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
18: Immunization
18.01: Passive Immunization
18.02: Vaccination
18.03: Types of Vaccines
18.04: Development of New Vaccines
18.05: Vaccine Safety
19: Vaccine Safety
19.01: Non-Severe Events
19.02: Anaphylaxis
19.03: Vaccine Facts
19.04: Self Assessment
19.05: Vaccine Safety
19.06: Evaluation of Vaccines Pre-License
19.07: Canada Vigilance Program
19.08: Reflective Questions
19.09: Key Takeaways
19.10: References
20: Human Health and Disease
20.01: Human Health and Disease
20.02: The Gut Microbiome
20.03: The Oral Microbiome
20.04: The Skin Microbiome
20.05: The Respiratory Microbiome
20.06: The Vaginal Microbiome
20.07: Mental Health and Multi-Microbiome Interactions
21: Cancer Immunobiology and Immunotherapy
22: Skin and Eye Infections
22.01: Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Eyes
22.02: Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes
22.03: Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes
22.04: Mycoses of the Skin and Eyes
22.05: Protozoan and Helminthic Infections of the Eyes