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Chem 8A: Organic Chemistry - Brief Course

Chemistry

Tác giả: Franz
Nhà xuất bản: University of California, Davis
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY-NC-SA
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

Đọc trực tuyến Tải PDF (nguồn mở)

Mục lục· 201 mục

1: Chapters
01: Electronic Structure and Covalent Bonding
1.01: The Structure of an Atom
1.02: How Electrons in an Atom are Distributed
1.03: Ionic and Covalent Bonds
1.04: How the Structure of a Compound is Represented
1.05: Atomic Orbitals
1.06: How atoms form Covalent Bonds
1.07: How Single Bonds Are Formed in Organic Compounds
1.08: How a Double Bond is Formed- The Bonds in Ethene
1.09: How a Triple Bond is Formed- The Bonds in Ethyne
1.10: Bonding in the Methyl Cation the Methyl Radical and the Methyl Anion
1.11: The Bonds in Water
1.12: The Bonds in Ammonia and in the Ammonium Ion
1.13: The Bond in a Hydrogen Halide
1.14: Summary- Hybridization Bond Lengths Bond Strengths and Bond Angles
1.15: The Dipole Moments of Molecules
1.16: An Introduction to Acids and Bases
1.17: pka and pH
1.18: 1.18 Organic Acids and Bases
1.19: How to Predict the Outcome of an Acid-Base Reaction
1.20: How to Determine the Position of Equilibrium
1.21: How the Structure of an Acid Affects its pka Value
1.22: How Substituents Affect the Strength of an Acid
1.23: An Introduction to Delocalized Electrons
1.24: A Summary of the Factors that Determine Acid Strength
1.25: How pH Affects the Structure of an Organic Compound
1.26: Buffer Solutions
1.27: Lewis Acids and Bases
02: Acids and Bases
2.01: An Introduction to Acids and Bases
2.02: pka and pH
2.03: Organic Acids and Bases
2.04: How to Predict the Outcome of an Acid-Base Reaction
2.05: How to Determine the Position of Equilibrium
2.06: How the Structure of an Acid Affects its pka Value
2.07: How pH Affects the Structure of an Organic Compound
2.08: Buffer Solutions
2.09: Lewis Acids and Bases
03: An Introduction to Organic Compounds- Nomenclature Physical Properties and Representation of Structure
3.01: How Alkyl Substituents Are Named
3.02: The Nomenclature of Alkanes
3.03: The Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes Skeletal Structures
3.04: The Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides
3.05: The Structures of Alkyl Halides Alcohols Ethers and Amines
3.06: The Physical Properties of Alkanes Alkyl Halides Alcohols Ethers and Amines
3.07: Rotation Occurs About Carbon-Carbon Single Bonds
3.08: Some Cycloalkanes Have Angle Strain
3.09: Conformers of Cyclohexane
3.10: Conformers of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes
3.11: Conformers of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes
3.12: Fused Cyclohexane Rings
04: Alkenes- Structure Nomenclature and an Introduction to Reactivity
4.01: Molecular Formulas and the Degree of Unsaturation
4.02: The Nomenclature of Alkenes
4.03: The Structures of Alkenes
4.04: Alkenes Can Have Cis and Trans Isomers
4.05: Naming Alkenes Using the EZ System
4.06: How Alkenes React (Curved Arrows Show the Flow of Electrons)
4.07: A Reaction Coordinate Diagram Describes the Energy Changes That Take Place During a Reaction
05: The Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes- An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis
5.01: The Addition of a Hydrogen Halide to an Alkene
5.02: Carbocation Stability Depends on the Number of Alkyl Groups Attached to the Positively Charged Carbon
5.03: Electrophilic Addition Reactions Are Regioselective
5.04: The Addition of Water to an Alkene
5.05: The Addition of an Alcohol to an Alkene
5.06: The Nomenclature of Alkynes
5.07: The Structure of Alkynes
5.08: The Physical Properties of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
5.09: The Addition of Hydrogen Halides and Addition of Halogens to an Alkyne
5.10: The Addition of Hydrogen to Alkenes and Alkynes
5.11: A Hydrogen Bonded to an sp Carbon is Acidic
5.12: Synthesis Using Acetylide Ions
5.13: An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis
06: Isomers and Stereochemistry
6.01: Cis-Trans Isomers Result from Restricted Rotation
6.02: A Chiral Object Has a Nonsuperimposable Mirror Image
6.03: An Asymmetric Center Is a Cause of Chirality in a Molecule
6.04: Isomers with One Asymmetric Center
6.05: Asymmetric Centers and Stereocenters
6.06: How to Draw Enantiomers
6.07: Naming Enantiomers by the RS System
6.08: Chiral Compounds Are Optically Active
6.09: How Specific Rotation is Measured
6.10: Enantiomeric Excess
6.11: Isomers with More than One Asymmetric Center
6.12: Meso Compounds Have Asymmetric Centers but Are Optically Inactive
6.13: How to Name Isomers with More than One Asymmetric Center
6.14: Reactions of Compounds that Contain an Asymmetric Center
6.15: Using Reactions that Do Not Break Bonds to an Asymmetric Center to Determine Relative Configurations
6.16: How Enantiomers Can Be Separated
6.17: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Atoms Can Be Asymmetric Centers
6.18: Stereochemistry of Reactions- Regioselective Stereoselective and Stereospecific Reactions
6.19: The Stereochemistry of Electrophilic addition Reactions of Alkenes
6.20: The Stereochemistry of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
6.21: Enantiomers Can Be Distinguished by Biological Molecules
07: Delocalized Electrons and Their Effect on Stability Reactivity and pKa (Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy)
7.01: Delocalized Electrons Explain Benzenes Structure
7.02: The Bonding in Benzene
7.03: Resonance Contributors and the Resonance Hybrid
7.04: How to Draw Resonance Contributors
7.05: The Predicted Stabilities of Resonance Contributors
7.06: Delocalized Energy Is the Additional Stability Delocalized Electrons Give to a Compound
7.07: Examples That Show How Delocalized Electrons Affect Stability
7.08: A Molecular Orbital Description of Stability
7.09: How Delocalized Electrons Affect pKa Values
7.10: Delocalized Electrons Can Affect the Product of a Reaction
7.11: Thermodynamic Versus Kinetic Control of Reactions
7.12: The Diels-Adler Reaction Is a 14-Addition Reaction
08: Aromaticity- Reactions of Benzene and Substituted Benzenes
8.01: The Two Criteria for Aromaticity
8.02: Applying the Criteria for Aromaticity
8.03: Aromatic Heterocyclic Compounds
8.04: The Nomenclature of Monosubstituted Benzenes
8.05: How Benzene Reacts
8.06: The General Mechanism for Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions
8.07: Halogenation of Benzene
8.08: Nitration of Benzene
8.09: Sulfonation of Benzene
8.10: The Friedel-Crafts Acylation of Benzene
8.11: The Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Benzene
8.12: The Nomenclature of Disubstituted and Polysubstituted Benzenes
8.13: The Effect of Substituents on Reactivity
8.14: The Effect of Substituents on Orientation
8.15: The Effect of Substituents on pKa
09: Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides
9.01: How Alkyl Halides React
9.02: The Mechanism For an (S N2) Reaction
9.03: Factors That Affect (S N2) Reactions
9.04: The Mechanism for an (S N1) Reaction
9.05: Factors That Affect (S N1) Reactions
9.06: Comparing the (S N2) and (S N1) Reactions of Alkyl Halides
9.07: Elimination Reaction of Alkyl Halides
9.08: Products of Elimination Reactions
9.09: Comparing the E2 and E1 Reactions of Alkyl Halides
9.10: Does an Alkyl Halide Undergo SN2 E2 Reactions or SN1 Reactions
9.11: Does an Alkyl Halide Undergo SN2
9.11.01: E2 Reactions or SN1
9.11.1.01: Does an Alkyl Halide Undergo SN2
E2 Reactions or SN1
E1 Reactions
9.12: Solvent Effects
9.13: Using Substitution Reactions to Synthesize Organic Compounds
9.14: Biological Methylating Reagents
10: The Chemistry of Nucleic Acids
10.01: Nucleosides and Nucleotides
10.02: Nucleic Acids Are Composed of Nucleotide Subunits
10.03: Why DNA Does Not Have A 2- OH Group
10.04: The Biosynthesis of DNA is Called Replication
10.05: DNA and Heredity
10.06: The Biosynthesis of RNA is Called Transcription
10.07: There Are Three Kinds of RNA
10.08: The Biosynthesis of Proteins Is Called Translation
10.09: Why DNA Contains Thymine Instead of Uracil
10.10: How the Base Sequence of DNA Is Determined
10.11: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
10.12: Genetic Engineering
11: The Organic Chemistry of Drugs- Discovery and Design
11.01: Naming Drugs
11.02: Lead Compounds
11.03: Molecular Modification
11.04: Random Screening
11.05: Serendipity in Drug Development
11.06: Receptors
11.07: Drug Resistance
11.08: Molecular Modeling
11.09: Antiviral Drugs
11.10: Economics of Drugs (Governmental Regulations)
03: Quizzes
3.01: Practice Final A
3.02: Practice Final A Key
3.03: Quiz 1A
3.04: Quiz 1A Key
3.05: Quiz 1B
3.06: Quiz 1B Key
3.07: Quiz 1C
3.08: Quiz 1C Key
3.09: Quiz 2A
3.10: Quiz 2A Key
3.11: Quiz 2B
3.12: Quiz 2B Key
3.13: Quiz 2C
3.14: Quiz 2C Key
3.15: Quiz 3A
3.16: Quiz 3A Key
3.16.01: How to answer an Explain Question
3.17: Quiz 3B
3.18: Quiz 3B Key
3.19: Quiz 3C
3.20: Quiz 3C Key
3.21: Quiz 4A
3.22: Quiz 4A Key
3.23: Quiz 4B
3.24: Quiz 4B Key
3.25: Quiz 5A
3.26: Quiz 5A Key
3.27: Quiz 5B
3.28: Quiz 5B Key
3.29: Quiz 6A
3.30: Quiz 6A Key
04: Reading Assignments