Nguồn ngoài

Introduction to Physical Oceanography

This book is written for upper-division undergraduates and new graduate students in meteorology, ocean engineering, and oceanography. Because these students have a diverse background, I have emphasized ideas and concepts more than mathematical derivations.

Oceanography Geosciences

Tác giả: Robert H. Stewart
Nhà xuất bản: Texas A & M University
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY-NC-SA
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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Mục lục· 135 mục

01: A Voyage of Discovery
1.1: Physics of the Ocean
1.2: Goals
1.3: Organization
1.4: The Big Picture
1.5: Further Reading
02: The Historical Setting
2.1: Definitions
2.2: Eras of Oceanographic Exploration
2.3: Milestones in the Understanding of the Ocean
2.4: Evolution of Some Theoretical Ideas
2.5: The Role of Observation in Oceanography
2.6: Important Concepts
03: The Physical Setting
3.1: Ocean and Seas
3.2: Dimensions of the Ocean
3.3: Sea-Floor Features
3.4: Measuring the Depth of the Ocean
3.5: Sea Floor Charts and Data Sets
3.6: Sound in the Ocean
3.7: Important Concepts
04: Atmospheric Influences
4.1: The Earth in Space
4.2: Atmospheric Wind Systems
4.3: The Planetary Boundary Layer
4.4: Measurement of Wind
4.5: Calculations of Wind
4.6: Wind Stress
4.7: Important Concepts
05: The Oceanic Heat Budget
5.1: The Oceanic Heat Budget
5.2: Heat-Budget Terms
5.3: Direct Calculation of Fluxes
5.4: Indirect Calculation of Fluxes: Bulk Formulas
5.5: Global Data Sets for Fluxes
5.6: Geographic Distribution of Terms
5.7: Meridional Heat Transport
5.8: Variations in Solar Constant
5.9: Important Concepts
06: Temperature Salinity and Density
6.01: Definition of Salinity
6.02: Definition of Temperature
6.03: Geographical Distribution
6.04: The Oceanic Mixed Layer and Thermocline
6.05: Density
6.06: Measurement of Temperature
6.07: Measurement of Conductivity or Salinity
6.08: Measurement of Pressure
6.09: Temperature and Salinity with Depth
6.10: Light in the Ocean and Absorption of Light
6.11: Important Concepts
07: The Equations of Motion
7.1: Dominant Forces of Ocean Dynamics
7.2: Coordinate System
7.3: Types of Flow in the Ocean
7.4: Conservation of Mass and Salt
7.5: The Total Derivative (D Dt)
7.6: Momentum Equation
7.7: Conservation of Mass: The Continuity Equation
7.8: Solutions to the Equations of Motion
7.9: Important Concepts
08: Equations of Motion with Viscosity
8.1: The Influence of Viscosity
8.2: Turbulence
8.3: Calculation of Reynolds Stress
8.4: Mixing in the Ocean
8.5: Stability
8.6: Important Concepts
09: Response of the Upper Ocean to Winds
9.1: Inertial Motion
9.2: Ekman Layer at the Sea Surface
9.3: Ekman Mass Transport
9.4: Application of Ekman Theory
9.5: Langmuir Circulation
9.6: Important Concepts
10: Geostrophic Currents
10.01: Hydrostatic Equilibrium
10.02: Geostrophic Equations
10.03: Surface Geostrophic Currents from Altimetry
10.04: Geostrophic Currents from Hydrography
10.05: An Example Using Hydrographic Data
10.06: Comments on Geostrophic Currents
10.07: Currents from Hydrographic Sections
10.08: Lagrangian Measurements of Currents
10.09: Eularian Measurements
10.10: Important Concepts
11: Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation
11.1: Sverdrup's Theory of the Ocean Circulation
11.2: Western Boundary Currents
11.3: Munk's Solution
11.4: Observed Surface Circulation in the Atlantic
11.5: Important Concepts
12: Vorticity in the Ocean
12.1: Definitions of Vorticity
12.2: Conservation of Vorticity
12.3: Influence of Vorticity
12.4: Vorticity and Ekman Pumping
12.5: Important Concepts
13: Deep Circulation in the Ocean
13.1: Defining the Deep Circulation
13.2: Importance of the Deep Circulation
13.3: Theory for the Deep Circulation
13.4: Observations of the Deep Circulation
13.5: Antarctic Circumpolar Current
13.6: Important Concepts
14: Equatorial Processes
14.1: Equatorial Processes
14.2: El Nino
14.3: El Nino Teleconnections
14.4: Observing El Nino
14.5: Forecasting El Nino
14.6: Important Concepts
15: Numerical Models
15.1: Introduction: Some Words of Caution
15.2: Numerical Models in Oceanography
15.3: Global Ocean Models
15.4: Coastal Models
15.5: Assimilation Models
15.6: Coupled Ocean and Atmosphere Models
15.7: Important Concepts
16: Ocean Waves
16.1: Linear Theory of Ocean Surface Waves
16.2: Nonlinear Waves
16.3: Waves and the Concept of a Wave Spectrum
16.4: Ocean-Wave Spectra
16.5: Wave Forecasting
16.6: Measurement of Waves
16.7: Important Concepts
17: Coastal Processes and Tides
17.1: Shoaling Waves and Coastal Processes
17.2: Tsunamis
17.3: Storm Surges
17.4: Theory of Ocean Tides
17.5: Tidal Prediction
17.6: Important Concepts