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Introductory Biology

Introductory and General Biology Biology

Tác giả: CK-12 Foundation
Nhà xuất bản: LibreTexts
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CK-12
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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Mục lục· 341 mục

01: Introduction to Biology
1.01: Scientific Investigation
1.02: Science Experiments
1.03: Scientific Theories
1.04: Characteristics of Life
1.05: Principles of Biology
1.06: Interdependence of Living Things
1.07: Organization of Living Things
1.08: Evolution of Life
1.09: Significance of Carbon
1.10: Carbohydrates
1.11: Lipids
1.12: Proteins
1.13: Nucleic Acids
1.14: Biochemical Reactions
1.15: Energy and Biochemical Reactions
1.16: Types of Biochemical Reactions
1.17: Enzymes
1.18: Enzyme Function
1.19: Water and Life
1.20: Acids and Bases in Biology
02: Cell Biology
2.01: Osmosis
2.02: Common Parts of the Cell
2.03: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
2.04: Viruses
2.05: Phospholipid Bilayers
2.06: Membrane Proteins
2.07: Cytoplasm and Cytoskeletons
2.08: Cell Nucleus
2.09: Ribosomes and Mitochondria
2.10: Other Cell Organelles
2.11: Plant Cell Structures
2.12: Organization of Cells
2.13: Diffusion
2.14: Facilitated Diffusion
2.15: Active Transport
2.16: Sodium-Potassium Pump
2.17: Exocytosis and Endocytosis
2.18: Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
2.19: Glucose and ATP
2.20: Chloroplasts
2.21: Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
2.22: Calvin Cycle
2.23: Photosynthesis Summary
2.24: Chemosynthesis
2.25: Anaerobic vs Aerobic Respiration
2.26: Cellular Respiration
2.27: Glycolysis
2.28: Krebs Cycle
2.29: Electron Transport
2.30: Fermentation
2.31: Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration
2.32: Cell Division
2.33: Cell Cycle
2.34: Chromosomes
2.35: Mitosis and Cytokinesis
2.36: Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
2.37: Meiosis
2.38: Gametogenesis
2.39: Genetic Variation
2.40: Reproductive Life Cycles
03: Genetics
3.01: Mendel's Pea Plants
3.02: Mendel's First Set of Experiments
3.03: Mendel's Second Set of Experiments
3.04: Mendel's Laws and Genetics
3.05: Probability and Inheritance
3.06: Punnett Squares
3.07: Non-Mendelian Inheritance
3.08: Human Genome
3.09: Human Chromosomes and Genes
3.10: Genetic Linkage
3.11: Mendelian Inheritance in Humans
3.12: Genetic Disorders
3.13: Biotechnology
3.14: Biotechnology Applications
3.15: Ethical Legal and Social Issues of Biotechnology
04: Molecular Biology
4.01: Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
4.02: DNA the Genetic Material
4.03: DNA Structure and Replication
4.04: RNA
4.05: Transcription of DNA to RNA
4.06: Genetic Code
4.07: Translation of RNA to Protein
4.08: Mutation Types
4.09: Mutation Causes
4.10: Mutation Effects
4.11: Gene Expression
4.12: Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
4.13: Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
05: Evolution
5.01: Linnaean Classification
5.02: Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
5.03: History of Life
5.04: How Earth Formed
5.05: First Organic Molecules
5.06: First Cells
5.07: Evolution of Eukaryotes
5.08: Late Precambrian Period
5.09: Life During the Paleozoic
5.10: Mesozoic Era - The Age of Dinosaurs
5.11: Cenozoic Era - The Age of Mammals
5.12: Phylogenetic Classification
5.13: Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle
5.14: Influences on Darwin
5.15: Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
5.16: Fossils
5.17: Living Species
5.18: Biogeography
5.19: Population Genetics
5.20: Forces of Evolution
5.21: Natural Selection
5.22: Origin of Species
5.23: Coevolution
5.24: Macroevolution
5.25: Animal Evolution
06: Ecology
6.01: Succession
6.02: Ecosystems
6.03: Flow of Energy
6.04: Food Chains and Food Webs
6.05: Trophic Levels
6.06: Water Cycle
6.07: Carbon Cycle
6.08: Nitrogen Cycle
6.09: Climate Effects on Biomes
6.10: Terrestrial Biomes
6.11: Aquatic Biomes
6.12: Freshwater and Wetlands Biomes
6.13: Aquatic Organisms
6.14: Predation
6.15: Competition
6.16: Symbiosis
6.17: Population Size Density and Distribution
6.18: Population Structure
6.19: Population Growth
6.20: Population Growth Patterns
6.21: Human Population
6.22: Demographic Transition
6.23: Recent and Future Population Growth
6.24: Biodiversity
6.25: Importance of Biodiversity
6.26: Human Actions and the Sixth Mass Extinction
6.27: Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
6.28: Soil and Water Resources
6.29: Air Pollution
6.30: Global Climate Change
07: Prokaryotes and Viruses
7.01: Prokaryote Evolution
7.02: Prokaryote Classification
7.03: Prokaryote Structure
7.04: Prokaryote Metabolism
7.05: Prokaryote Habitats
7.06: Prokaryote Reproduction
7.07: Virus Characteristics
7.08: Virus Structures
7.09: Virus Classification
7.10: Discovery and Origin of Viruses
7.11: Virus Replication
7.12: Viruses and Human Disease
7.13: HIV
7.14: Control of Viruses
7.15: Viruses in Research and Medicine
7.16: Bacteria and Humans
08: Protists and Fungi
8.01: Protist Kingdom
8.02: Protist Evolution
8.03: Protist Characteristics
8.04: Protozoa
8.05: Algae
8.06: Molds
8.07: Protists and Human Disease
8.08: Fungi
8.09: Fungi Structure
8.10: How Fungi Eat
8.11: Fungi Reproduction
8.12: Fungi Evolution
8.13: Fungi Classification
8.14: Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi
8.15: Human Uses of Fungi
8.16: Fungi and Human Disease
09: Plants
9.01: Plant Characteristics
9.02: Importance of Plants
9.03: Plant Life Cycle Overview
9.04: Early Evolution of Plants
9.05: Evolution of Seed Plants
9.06: Plant Classification
9.07: Nonvascular Plants
9.08: Vascular Plants
9.09: Seed Plants
9.10: Flowering Plants
9.11: Plant Cells
9.12: Plant Tissues
9.13: Plant Growth
9.14: Roots
9.15: Stems
9.16: Leaves
9.17: Photosynthesis
9.18: Plant Life Cycles
9.19: Life Cycle of Nonvascular Plants
9.20: Life Cycle of Seedless Vascular Plants
9.21: Gymnosperm Life Cycle
9.22: Angiosperm Life Cycle
9.23: Plant Adaptations
9.24: Plant Responses
10: Animals
10.01: Animal Characteristics
10.02: Animal Classification
10.03: Evolution of Animal Behavior
10.04: Innate Behavior of Animals
10.05: Learned Behavior of Animals
10.06: Social Behavior of Animals
10.07: Cyclic Behavior of Animals
10.08: Reproductive Behavior of Animals
11: Invertebrates
11.01: Invertebrate Characteristics
11.02: Invertebrate Evolution
11.03: Invertebrate Classification
11.04: Sponges
11.05: Cnidarians
11.06: Flatworms
11.07: Roundworms
11.08: Mollusks
11.09: Annelids
11.10: Arthropods
11.11: Insects
11.12: Echinoderms
11.13: Invertebrate Chordates
12: Vertebrates
12.01: Chordates
12.02: Placental Mammals
12.03: Vertebrate Characteristics
12.04: Evolution of Modern Mammals
12.05: Vertebrate Reproduction
12.06: Vertebrate Classification
12.07: Vertebrate Evolution
12.08: Fish Structure and Function
12.09: Fish Reproduction and Development
12.10: Fish Classification
12.11: Fish Evolution and Ecology
12.12: Amphibian Structure and Function
12.13: Amphibian Reproduction and Development
12.14: Amphibian Classification
12.15: Amphibian Evolution and Ecology
12.16: Reptile Structure and Function
12.17: Reptile Reproduction
12.18: Reptile Classification
12.19: Reptile Evolution
12.20: Reptile Ecology
12.21: Bird Structure and Function
12.22: Bird Reproduction
12.23: Bird Classification
12.24: Bird Evolution
12.25: Bird Ecology
12.26: Mammal Characteristics
12.27: Mammal Structure and Function
12.28: Mammal Endothermy
12.29: Mammal Living and Locomotion
12.30: Marsupials
12.31: Monotremes
12.32: Mammal Ancestors
12.33: Evolution of Early Mammals
12.34: Mammal Classification
13: Human Biology
13.01: Muscle Contraction
13.02: Organization of the Human Body
13.03: Homeostasis
13.04: Small Intestine
13.05: Carcinogens and Cancer
13.06: Large Intestine
13.07: Balanced Eating
13.08: Air Pollution and Illness
13.09: Bioterrorism
13.10: Human Skeletal System
13.11: Structure of Bones
13.12: Growth and Development of Bones
13.13: Skeletal System Joints
13.14: Skeletal System Problems and Diseases
13.15: Smooth Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles
13.16: Skeletal Muscles
13.17: Nails and Hair
13.18: Nerve Cells
13.19: Nerve Impulses
13.20: Central Nervous System
13.21: Peripheral Nervous System
13.22: Senses
13.23: Drugs and the Nervous System
13.24: Nervous System Disorders
13.25: Glands
13.26: Hormones
13.27: Hormone Regulation
13.28: Endocrine System Disorders
13.29: Heart
13.30: Blood Vessels
13.31: Circulatory System
13.32: Circulatory System Diseases
13.33: Blood
13.34: Respiration
13.35: Respiratory System Organs
13.36: Processes of Breathing
13.37: Respiratory System Regulation
13.38: Respiratory System Diseases
13.39: Digestive System Organs
13.40: Digestion
13.41: Digestive System Diseases
13.42: Food and Nutrients
13.43: Excretion
13.44: Urinary System
13.45: Kidneys
13.46: Excretory System Diseases
13.47: Barriers to Pathogens
13.48: Inflammatory Response and Leukocytes
13.49: Lymphatic System
13.50: Humoral Immune Response
13.51: Cell-Mediated Immune Response
13.52: Immunity
13.53: Allergies
13.54: Autoimmune Diseases
13.55: Immunodeficiency
13.56: HIV and AIDS
13.57: Male Reproductive Structures
13.58: Male Reproductive Development
13.59: Human Sperm
13.60: Female Reproductive Structures
13.61: Female Reproductive Development
13.62: Human Egg Cells
13.63: Menstrual Cycle
13.64: Fertilization
13.65: Embryo Growth and Development
13.66: Fetus Growth and Development
13.67: Fetal Development and the Placenta
13.68: Pregnancy and Childbirth
13.69: Development from Birth to Adulthood
13.70: Adulthood and Aging
13.71: Sexually Transmitted Infections
13.72: Bacterial Sexually Transmitted
13.73: Viral Sexually Transmitted Infections
13.74: Skin