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General Chemistry A Molecular Approach

This is the Textmap constructed to follow the organization of Nivaldo Tro's "Chemistry: A Molecular Approach" general chemistry textbook.

General Chemistry Chemistry

Tác giả: LibreTexts (Textmap of Tro's Book)
Nhà xuất bản: LibreTexts
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY-NC-SA
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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Mục lục· 258 mục

01: Matter Measurement and Problem Solving
1.01: Atoms and Molecules
1.02: The Scientific Approach to Knowledge
1.03: The Classification of Matter
1.04: Physical and Chemical Changes and Properties
1.05: Energy- A Fundamental Part of Physical and Chemical Change
1.06: The Units of Measurement
1.07: The Reliability of a Measurement
1.08: Solving Chemical Problems
1.E: Matter Measurement and Problem Solving (Exercises)
02: Atoms and Elements
2.02: Early Ideas about the Building Blocks of Matter
2.03: Modern Atomic Theory and the Laws That Led to It
2.04: The Discovery of the Electron
2.05: The Structure of The Atom
2.06: Protons Neutrons and Electrons in Atoms
2.07: Finding Patterns - The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
2.08: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
2.09: Molar Mass - Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
2.E: Atoms and Elements (Exercises)
03: Molecules Compounds and Chemical Equations
3.01: Hydrogen Oxygen and Water
3.02: Chemical Bonds
3.03: Representing Compounds- Chemical Formulas and Molecular Models
3.04: An Atomic-Level Perspective of Elements and Compounds
3.05: Ionic Compounds- Formulas and Names
3.06: Molecular Compounds- Formulas and Names
3.07: Summary of Inorganic Nomenclature
3.08: Composition of Compounds
3.09: Determining a Chemical Formula from Experimental Data
3.10: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
3.11: Organic Compounds
3.E: Molecules Compounds and Chemical Equations (Exercises)
04: Chemical Reactions and Aqueous Reactions
4.01: Global Warming and the Combustion of Fossil Fuels
4.02: How Much Carbon Dioxide
4.03: 4.3 Limiting Reactant Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield
4.04: Solution Concentration and Solution Stoichiomentry
4.05: Types of Aqueous Solutions and Solubility
4.06: Precipitation Reactions
4.07: Representing Aqueous Reactions- Molecular Ionic and Complete Ionic Equations
4.08: Acid-Base and Gas-Evolution Reactions
4.09: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
05: Gases
5.01: Water from Wells- Atmospheric Pressure at Work
5.02: Pressure- The Result of Particle Collisions
5.03: The Simple Gas Laws- Boyles Law Charless Law and Avogadros Law
5.04: The Ideal Gas Law
5.05: Applications of the Ideal Gas Law- Molar Volume Density and Molar Mass of a Gas
5.06: Mixtures of Gases and Partial Pressures
5.07: Gases in Chemical Reactions- Stoichiometry Revisited
5.08: Kinetic Molecular Theory- A Model for Gases
5.09: Mean Free Path Diffusion and Effusion of Gases
5.10: Real Gases- The Effects of Size and Intermolecular Forces
5.E: Gases (Exercises)
06: Thermochemistry
6.01: Light the Furnace- The Nature of Energy and Its Transformations
6.02: The Nature and Types of Energy
6.03: Quantifying Heat and Work
6.04: The First Law of Thermodynamics
6.05: Constant Volume Calorimetry- Measuring U for Chemical Reactions
6.06: Enthalpy- The Heat Evolved in a Chemical Reaction at Constant Pressure
6.07: Constant Pressure Calorimetry- Measuring H for Chemical Reactions
6.08: Relationships Involving Enthalpy of Reactions
6.09: Enthalpies of Reaction from Standard Heats of Formation
6.10: Energy Use and The Environment
07: The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom
7.01: Schrodinger's Cat
7.02: The Nature of Light
7.03: Atomic Spectroscopy and The Bohr Model
7.04: The Wavelength Nature of Matter
7.05: Quantum Mechanics and The Atom
7.06: The Shape of Atomic Orbitals
7.E: The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom (Exercises)
08: Periodic Properties of the Elements
8.01: Nerve Signal Transmission
8.02: The Development of the Periodic Table
8.03: Electron Configurations- How Electrons Occupy Orbitals
8.04: Electron Configurations Valence Electrons and the Periodic Table
8.05: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model
8.06: Periodic Trends in the Size of Atoms and Effective Nuclear Charge
8.07: Ions- Configurations Magnetic Properties Radii and Ionization Energy
8.08: Electron Affinities and Metallic Character
8.09: Examples of Periodic Chemical Behavior
8.E: Periodic Properties of the Elements (Exercises)
09: Chemical Bonding I- Lewis Structures and Determining Molecular Shapes
9.01: Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs
9.02: Types of Chemical Bonds
9.03: Representing Valance Electrons with Dots
9.04: Ionic Bonding
9.05: Covalent Bonding- Lewis Structure
9.06: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
9.07: Lewis Structures
9.08: Resonance and Formal Charge
9.09: Exceptions to the Octet Rule
9.10: Bond Energies and Bond Lengths
9.11: Bonding in Metals
9.E: Chemical Bonding I (Exercises)
10: Chemical Bonding II- Valance Bond Theory and Molecular Orbital Theory
10.01: Artificial Sweeteners
10.02: VSEPR Theory - The Five Basic Shapes
10.03: VSPER Theory- The Effect of Lone Pairs
10.04: VSPER Theory - Predicting Molecular Geometries
10.05: Molecular Shape and Polarity
10.06: Valence Bond Theory- Orbital Overlap as a Chemical Bond
10.07: Valence Bond Theory- Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
10.08: Molecular Orbital Theory- Electron Delocalization
11: Liquids Solids and Intermolecular Forces
11.01: Water in Zero Gravity
11.02: Solids Liquids and Gases- A Molecular Comparison
11.03: Intermolecular Forces- The Forces that Hold Condensed Phases Together
11.04: Intermolecular Forces in Action- Surface Tension Viscosity and Capillary Action
11.05: Vaporization and Vapor Pressure
11.06: Sublimation and Fusion
11.07: Heating Curve for Water
11.08: Phase Diagrams
11.09: Water - An Extraordinary Substance
12: Solids and Modern Materials
12.01: Discovery of Graphene
12.02: X-Ray Crystallography
12.03: Unit Cells and Basic Structures
12.04: The Fundamental Types of Crystalline Solids
12.05: The Structure of Ionic Solids
12.06: Network Covalent Atomic Solids- Carbon and Silicates
12.07: Ceramics Cement and Glass
12.08: Crystalline Solids- Band Theory
12.09: Polymers and Plastics
13: Solutions
13.01: Thirsty Solutions- Why You Should Not Drink Seawater
13.02: Types of Solutions and Solubility
13.03: Energetics of Solution Formation
13.04: Solution Equilibrium and Factors Affecting Solubility
13.05: Expressing Solution Concentration
13.06: Colligative Properties- Freezing Point Depression Boiling Point Elevation and Osmosis
13.07: The Colligative Properties of Strong Electrolyte Solutions
13.08: Colloids
13.E: Solutions (Exercises)
14: Chemical Kinetics
14.01: Catching Lizards
14.02: Rate of a Chemical Reaction
14.03: The Rate Law- The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
14.04: The Integrated Rate Law- The Dependence of Concentration on Time
14.05: The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
14.06: Reaction Mechanisms
14.07: Catalysis
15: Chemical Equilibrium
15.01: The Concept of Dynamic Equilibrium
15.02: The Equilibrium Constant (K)
15.03: Expressing the Equilibrium Constant in Terms of Pressure
15.04: Calculating the Equilibrium Constant From Measured Equilibrium Concentrations
15.05: Heterogenous Equilibria - Reactions Involving Solids and Liquids
15.06: The Reaction Quotient- Predicting the Direction of Change
15.07: Finding Equilibrium Concentrations
15.08: Le Chateliers Principle- How a System at Equilibrium Responds to Disturbances
16: Acids and Bases
16.01: Heartburn
16.02: The Nature of Acids and Bases
16.03: Definitions of Acids and Bases
16.04: Acid Strength and the Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka)
16.05: Autoionization of Water and pH
16.06: Finding the H3O and pH of Strong and Weak Acid Solutions
16.07: Base Solutions
16.08: The Acid-Base Properties of Ions and Salts
16.09: Polyprotic Acids
16.10: Acid Strength and Molecular Structure
16.11: Lewis Acids and Bases
16.12: Acid rain
17: Aqueous Ionic Equilibrium
17.01: The Danger of Antifreeze
17.02: Buffers- Solutions That Resist pH Change
17.03: Buffer Effectiveness- Buffer Capacity and Buffer Range
17.04: Titrations and pH Curves
17.05: Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product Constant
17.06: Precipitation
17.07: Qualitative Chemical Analysis
17.08: Complex Ion Equilibria
17.E: Aqueous Ionic Equilibrium (Exercises)
18: Gibbs Energy and Thermodynamics
18.01: Natures Heat Tax- You Cant Win and You Cant Break Even
18.02: Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Processes
18.03: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
18.04: Entropy Changes Associated with State Changes
18.05: Heat Transfer and Changes in the Entropy of the Surroundings
18.06: Gibbs Energy
18.07: Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
18.08: Gibbs Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
18.09: Gibbs Energy Changers for Non-Standard States
18.10: Gibbs Energy and Equilibrium
19: Electrochemistry
19.01: Pulling the Plug on the Power Grid
19.02: Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations
19.03: Voltaic (or Galvanic) Cells- Generating Electricity from Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
19.04: Standard Reduction Potentials
19.05: Cell Potential Gibbs Energy and the Equilibrium Constant
19.06: Cell Potential and Concentration
19.07: Batteries- Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity
19.08: Electrolysis- Driving Non-spontaneous Chemical Reactions with Electricity
19.09: Corrosion- Undesirable Redox Reactions
20: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
20.01: Diagnosing Appendicitis
20.02: The Discovery of Radioactivity
20.03: Types of Radioactivity
20.04: The Valley of Stability- Predicting the Type of Radioactivity
20.05: Detecting Radioactivity
20.06: The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating
20.07: The Discovery of Fission- The Atomic Bomb and Nuclear Power
20.08: Converting Mass to Energy- Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy
20.09: Nuclear Fusion- The Power of the Sun
20.10: Nuclear Transmutation and Transuranium Elements
20.11: The Effects of Radiation on Life
20.12: Radioactivity in Medicine and Other Applications
21: Organic Chemistry
21.01: Fragrances and Odor
21.02: Carbon- Why It Is Unique
21.03: Hydrocarbons- Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrocarbon
21.04: Alkanes- Saturated Hydrocarbons
21.05: Alkenes and Alkynes
21.06: Hydrocarbon Reactions
21.07: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
21.08: Functional Groups
21.09: Alcohols
21.10: Aldehydes and Ketones
21.11: Carboxylic Acids and Esters
21.12: Ethers
21.13: Amines
22: Biochemistry
22.01: Diabetes and the Synthesis of Human Insulin
22.02: Lipids
22.03: Carbohydrates
22.04: Proteins and Amino Acids
22.05: Protein Structure
22.06: Nucleic Acids- Blueprints for Proteins
22.07: DNA Replication the Double Helix and Protein Synthesis
23: Chemistry of the Nonmetals
23.01: Insulated Nanowires
23.02: The Main-Group Elements- Bonding and Properties
23.03: The Most Common Matter- Silicates
23.04: Boron and Its Amazing Structures
23.05: Carbon Carbides and Carbonates
23.06: Nitrogen and Phosphorus- Essential Elements for Life
23.07: Oxygen
23.08: Sulfur- A Dangerous and Useful Element
23.09: Halogens- Reactive Chemicals with High Electronegativity
23.E: Chemistry of the Nonmetals (Exercises)
24: Metals and Metallurgy
24.01: Vanadium- A Problem and an Opportunity
24.02: The General Properties and Natural Distribution of Metals
24.03: Metallurgical Processes
24.04: Metal Structures and Alloys
24.05: Sources Properties and Products of Some of the 3d Transition Metals
25: Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds
25.01: The Colors of Rubies and Emeralds
25.02: Properties of Transition Metals
25.03: Coordination Compounds
25.04: Structure and Isomerization
25.05: Bonding in Coordinate Compounds
25.06: Applications of Coordination Compounds
25.E: Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds (Exercises)