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PCC CHEM 001A: General Chemistry and Chemical Analysis

This text is designed for Chem 001A, which is a standard general chemistry course for science and engineering majors, with emphasis on quantitative methods and calculations. The text addresses atomic structure and chemical bonding, stoichiometry, gases, liquids, solids and solution chemistry. Introductions to equilibrium and organic chemistry. Quantitative analysis using analytical balances, gravimetric and volumetric procedures, spectrophotometry and calorimetry.

Chemistry

Nhà xuất bản: Pasadena Community College
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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01: Matter Measurement and Problem Solving
1.01: Atoms and Molecules
1.02: The Scientific Approach to Knowledge
1.03: The Classification of Matter
1.04: Physical and Chemical Changes and Properties
1.05: Energy- A Fundamental Part of Physical and Chemical Change
1.06: The Units of Measurement
1.07: The Reliability of a Measurement
1.08: Solving Chemical Problems
1.E: Matter Measurement and Problem Solving (Exercises)
02: Atoms and Elements
2.01: Brownian Motion - Evidence for Atoms
2.02: Early Ideas about the Building Blocks of Matter
2.03: Modern Atomic Theory and the Laws That Led to It
2.04: The Discovery of the Electron
2.05: 2.5 The Structure of The Atom
2.06: Protons Neutrons and Electrons in Atoms
2.07: Finding Patterns - The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
2.08: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
2.09: Molar Mass - Counting Atoms by Weighing Them
2.E: Atoms and Elements (Exercises)
03: Molecules Compounds and Chemical Equations
3.01: Hydrogen Oxygen and Water
3.02: Chemical Bonds
3.03: Representing Compounds- Chemical Formulas and Molecular Models
3.04: An Atomic-Level Perspective of Elements and Compounds
3.05: Ionic Compounds- Formulas and Names
3.06: Molecular Compounds- Formulas and Names
3.07: Summary of Inorganic Nomenclature
3.08: Composition of Compounds
3.09: Determining a Chemical Formula from Experimental Data
3.10: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
3.11: Organic Compounds
3.E: Molecules Compounds and Chemical Equations (Exercises)
04: Chemical Reactions and Quantities
4.01: Global Warming and the Combustion of Fossil Fuels
4.02: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
4.03: Limiting Reactant Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield
4.04: Reaction Stoichiometry- How Much Carbon Dioxide
4.05: Examples of Chemical Reaction- Combustion Alkali Metals and Halogens
05: Introduction to Solutions and Aqueous Reactions
5.01: Molecular Gastronomy
5.02: Solution Concentration and Solution Stoichiomentry
5.03: Solution Stoichiometry
5.04: Types of Aqueous Solutions and Solubility
5.05: Precipitation Reactions
5.06: Representing Aqueous Reactions- Molecular Ionic and Complete Ionic Equations
5.07: Acid-Base and Gas-Evolution Reactions
5.08: Gas Evolution Reactions
5.09: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
06: Gases
6.01: Water from Wells- Atmospheric Pressure at Work
6.02: Pressure- The Result of Particle Collisions
6.03: The Simple Gas Laws- Boyles Law Charless Law and Avogadros Law
6.04: The Ideal Gas Law
6.05: Applications of the Ideal Gas Law- Molar Volume Density and Molar Mass of a Gas
6.06: Mixtures of Gases and Partial Pressures
6.07: Gases in Chemical Reactions- Stoichiometry Revisited
6.08: Kinetic Molecular Theory- A Model for Gases
6.09: Mean Free Path Diffusion and Effusion of Gases
6.10: Real Gases- The Effects of Size and Intermolecular Forces
6.E: Gases (Exercises)
07: Thermochemistry
7.01: Light the Furnace- The Nature of Energy and Its Transformations
7.02: The Nature and Types of Energy
7.03: Quantifying Heat and Work
7.04: The First Law of Thermodynamics
7.05: Constant Volume Calorimetry- Measuring U for Chemical Reactions
7.06: Enthalpy- The Heat Evolved in a Chemical Reaction at Constant Pressure
7.07: Constant Pressure Calorimetry- Measuring H for Chemical Reactions
7.08: Relationships Involving Enthalpy of Reactions
7.09: Enthalpies of Reaction from Standard Heats of Formation
7.10: Energy Use and The Environment
08: The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom
8.01: Schrodinger's Cat
8.02: The Nature of Light
8.03: Atomic Spectroscopy and The Bohr Model
8.04: The Wavelength Nature of Matter
8.05: Quantum Mechanics and The Atom
8.06: The Shape of Atomic Orbitals
8.E: The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom (Exercises)
09: Periodic Properties of the Elements
9.01: Nerve Signal Transmission
9.02: The Development of the Periodic Table
9.03: Electron Configurations- How Electrons Occupy Orbitals
9.04: Electron Configurations Valence Electrons and the Periodic Table
9.05: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model
9.06: Periodic Trends in the Size of Atoms and Effective Nuclear Charge
9.07: Ions- Configurations Magnetic Properties Radii and Ionization Energy
9.08: Electron Affinities and Metallic Character
9.09: Examples of Periodic Chemical Behavior
9.E: Periodic Properties of the Elements (Exercises)
10: Chemical Bonding I- Lewis Structures and Determining Molecular Shapes
10.01: Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs
10.02: Types of Chemical Bonds
10.03: Representing Valance Electrons with Dots
10.04: Ionic Bonding
10.05: Covalent Bonding- Lewis Structure
10.06: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
10.07: Lewis Structures
10.08: Resonance and Formal Charge
10.09: Exceptions to the Octet Rule
10.10: Bond Energies and Bond Lengths
10.11: Bonding in Metals
10.E: Chemical Bonding I (Exercises)
11: Chemical Bonding II- Valance Bond Theory and Molecular Orbital Theory
11.01: Artificial Sweeteners
11.02: VSEPR Theory - The Five Basic Shapes
11.03: VSPER Theory- The Effect of Lone Pairs
11.04: VSPER Theory - Predicting Molecular Geometries
11.05: Molecular Shape and Polarity
11.06: Valence Bond Theory- Orbital Overlap as a Chemical Bond
11.07: Valence Bond Theory- Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
11.08: Molecular Orbital Theory- Electron Delocalization
12: Liquids Solids and Intermolecular Forces
12.01: Water in Zero Gravity
12.02: Solids Liquids and Gases- A Molecular Comparison
12.03: Intermolecular Forces- The Forces that Hold Condensed Phases Together
12.04: Intermolecular Forces in Action- Surface Tension Viscosity and Capillary Action
12.05: Vaporization and Vapor Pressure
12.06: Sublimation and Fusion
12.07: Heating Curve for Water
12.08: Phase Diagrams
12.09: Water - An Extraordinary Substance
13: Solids and Modern Materials
13.01: Discovery of Graphene
13.02: X-Ray Crystallography
13.03: Unit Cells and Basic Structures
13.04: The Fundamental Types of Crystalline Solids
13.05: The Structure of Ionic Solids
13.06: Network Covalent Atomic Solids- Carbon and Silicates
13.07: Ceramics Cement and Glass
13.08: Crystalline Solids- Band Theory
13.09: Polymers and Plastics
14: Solutions
14.01: Thirsty Solutions- Why You Should Not Drink Seawater
14.02: Types of Solutions and Solubility
14.03: Energetics of Solution Formation
14.04: Solution Equilibrium and Factors Affecting Solubility
14.05: Expressing Solution Concentration
14.06: Colligative Properties- Freezing Point Depression Boiling Point Elevation and Osmosis
14.07: The Colligative Properties of Strong Electrolyte Solutions
14.08: Colloids
14.E: Solutions (Exercises)
15: Chemical Kinetics
15.01: Catching Lizards
15.02: Rate of a Chemical Reaction
15.03: The Rate Law- The Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
15.04: The Integrated Rate Law- The Dependence of Concentration on Time
15.05: The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate
15.06: Reaction Mechanisms
15.07: Catalysis
16: Chemical Equilibrium
16.01: The Concept of Dynamic Equilibrium
16.02: The Equilibrium Constant (K)
16.03: Expressing the Equilibrium Constant in Terms of Pressure
16.04: Calculating the Equilibrium Constant From Measured Equilibrium Concentrations
16.05: Heterogenous Equilibria - Reactions Involving Solids and Liquids
16.06: The Reaction Quotient- Predicting the Direction of Change
16.07: Finding Equilibrium Concentrations
16.08: Le Chateliers Principle- How a System at Equilibrium Responds to Disturbances
17: Acids and Bases
17.01: Heartburn
17.02: The Nature of Acids and Bases
17.03: Definitions of Acids and Bases
17.04: Acid Strength and the Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka)
17.05: Autoionization of Water and pH
17.06: Finding the H3O and pH of Strong and Weak Acid Solutions
17.07: Base Solutions
17.08: The Acid-Base Properties of Ions and Salts
17.09: Polyprotic Acids
17.10: Acid Strength and Molecular Structure
17.11: Lewis Acids and Bases
17.12: Acid rain
18: Aqueous Ionic Equilibrium
18.01: The Danger of Antifreeze
18.02: Buffers- Solutions That Resist pH Change
18.03: Buffer Effectiveness- Buffer Capacity and Buffer Range
18.04: Titrations and pH Curves
18.05: Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product Constant
18.06: Precipitation
18.07: Qualitative Chemical Analysis
18.08: Complex Ion Equilibria
18.E: Aqueous Ionic Equilibrium (Exercises)
19: Gibbs Energy and Thermodynamics
19.01: Natures Heat Tax- You Cant Win and You Cant Break Even
19.02: Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Processes
19.03: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
19.04: Entropy Changes Associated with State Changes
19.05: Heat Transfer and Changes in the Entropy of the Surroundings
19.06: Gibbs Energy
19.07: Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
19.08: Gibbs Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions
19.09: Gibbs Energy Changers for Non-Standard States
19.10: Gibbs Energy and Equilibrium
20: Electrochemistry
20.01: Pulling the Plug on the Power Grid
20.02: Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations
20.03: Voltaic (or Galvanic) Cells- Generating Electricity from Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
20.04: Standard Reduction Potentials
20.05: Cell Potential Gibbs Energy and the Equilibrium Constant
20.06: Cell Potential and Concentration
20.07: Batteries- Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity
20.08: Electrolysis- Driving Non-spontaneous Chemical Reactions with Electricity
20.09: Corrosion- Undesirable Redox Reactions
21: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
21.01: Diagnosing Appendicitis
21.02: The Discovery of Radioactivity
21.03: Types of Radioactivity
21.04: The Valley of Stability- Predicting the Type of Radioactivity
21.05: Detecting Radioactivity
21.06: The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating
21.07: The Discovery of Fission- The Atomic Bomb and Nuclear Power
21.08: Converting Mass to Energy- Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy
21.09: Nuclear Fusion- The Power of the Sun
21.10: Nuclear Transmutation and Transuranium Elements
21.11: The Effects of Radiation on Life
21.12: Radioactivity in Medicine and Other Applications
22: Organic Chemistry
22.01: Fragrances and Odor
22.02: Carbon- Why It Is Unique
22.03: Hydrocarbons- Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrocarbon
22.04: Alkanes- Saturated Hydrocarbons
22.05: Alkenes and Alkynes
22.06: Hydrocarbon Reactions
22.07: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
22.08: Functional Groups
22.09: Alcohols
22.10: Aldehydes and Ketones
22.11: Carboxylic Acids and Esters
22.12: Ethers
22.13: Amines
23: Biochemistry
23.01: Diabetes and the Synthesis of Human Insulin
23.02: Lipids
23.03: Carbohydrates
23.04: Proteins and Amino Acids
23.05: Protein Structure
23.06: Nucleic Acids- Blueprints for Proteins
23.07: DNA Replication the Double Helix and Protein Synthesis
24: Chemistry of the Nonmetals
24.01: Insulated Nanowires
24.02: The Main-Group Elements- Bonding and Properties
24.03: The Most Common Matter- Silicates
24.04: Boron and Its Amazing Structures
24.05: Carbon Carbides and Carbonates
24.06: Nitrogen and Phosphorus- Essential Elements for Life
24.07: Oxygen
24.08: Sulfur- A Dangerous and Useful Element
24.09: Halogens- Reactive Chemicals with High Electronegativity
24.E: Chemistry of the Nonmetals (Exercises)
25: Metals and Metallurgy
25.01: Vanadium- A Problem and an Opportunity
25.02: The General Properties and Natural Distribution of Metals
25.03: Metallurgical Processes
25.04: Metal Structures and Alloys
25.05: Sources Properties and Products of Some of the 3d Transition Metals
26: Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds
26.01: The Colors of Rubies and Emeralds
26.02: Properties of Transition Metals
26.03: Coordination Compounds
26.04: Structure and Isomerization
26.05: Bonding in Coordinate Compounds
26.06: Applications of Coordination Compounds
26.E: Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds (Exercises)