Nguồn ngoài

Beginning Chemistry

This introductory chemistry textbook provides a foundational overview of key concepts, offering students an entry point into the field. Covering essential topics, it equips learners with a fundamental understanding of chemistry’s role in everyday life. The text serves as both a standalone introduction and a stepping stone for further study at the college level.

Chemistry

Tác giả: Theodore Chan
Nhà xuất bản: Fullerton College
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY-NC-SA
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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Mục lục· 181 mục

01: What Is Chemistry
1.01: Prelude to Chemistry
1.02: Basic Definitions
1.03: Chemistry as a Science
1.E: What Is Chemistry (Exercises)
02: Measurements
2.01: Prelude to Measurements
2.02: Expressing Numbers
2.03: Expressing Units
2.04: Significant Figures
2.05: Converting Units
2.06: Other Units - Temperature and Density
2.E: Measurements (Exercises)
03: Atoms
3.01: Prelude to Atoms
3.02: Atomic Theory
3.03: Masses of Atoms and Molecules
3.04: Periodic Law
3.4.01: Modern Periodic Table- Periods and Groups
3.05: Metals
3.06: Nonmetals
3.07: Metalloids
3.E: Atoms (Exercises)
04: Electronic Structure
4.01: Prelude to Electronic Structure
4.02: Light
4.03: Atomic Emission Spectra
4.04: Bohr's Atomic Model
4.05: Quantum Mechanics
4.06: Quantum Mechanical Atomic Model
4.07: Energy Level
4.08: Orbitals
4.09: Aufbau Principle
4.10: Pauli Exclusion Principle
4.11: Hund's Rule and Orbital Filling Diagrams
4.12: Electron Configurations
4.13: Valence Electrons
4.14: Noble Gas Configuration
4.15: Periodic Trends- Atomic Radius
4.16: Periodic Trends - Ionization Energy
4.17: Electron Shielding
4.18: Periodic Trends - Electron Affinity
4.19: Periodic Trends - Metallic and Nonmetallic Character
4.E: Electronic Structure (Exercises)
05: Chemical Bonds
5.01: Prelude to Chemical Bonds
5.02: Lewis Electron Dot Diagrams
5.03: Ions and Ionic Compounds
5.04: Electron Transfer - Ionic Bonds
5.05: Periodic Trends- Electronegativity
5.06: Covalent Bonds
5.07: Molecules and Chemical Nomenclature
5.08: Other Aspects of Covalent Bonds
5.09: Violations of the Octet Rule
5.10: Molecular Shapes
5.11: Acids
5.E: Chemical Bonds (Exercises)
06: Chemical Reactions and Equations
6.01: Prelude to Chemical Reactions
6.02: The Chemical Equation
6.03: Types of Chemical Reactions - Single and Double Replacement Reactions
6.04: Composition Decomposition and Combustion Reactions
6.E: Chemical Reactions and Equations (Exercises)
07: Stoichiometry and the Mole
7.01: Introduction
7.02: Stoichiometry
7.03: The Mole
7.04: The Mole in Chemical Reactions
7.05: Mole-Mass and Mass-Mass Calculations
7.06: Yields
7.07: Limiting Reagents
7.E: Stoichiometry and the Mole (Exercises)
08: Gases
8.01: Prelude to Gases
8.02: Kinetic Theory of Gases
8.03: Pressure
8.04: Gas Laws
8.05: Other Gas Laws
8.06: The Ideal Gas Law and Some Applications
8.07: Gas Mixtures
8.E: Gases (Exercises)
09: Energy and Chemistry
9.01: Introduction
9.02: Energy
9.03: Work and Heat
9.04: Enthalpy and Chemical Reactions
9.05: Stoichiometry Calculations Using Enthalpy
9.06: Hess's Law
9.07: Formation Reactions
9.E: Energy and Chemistry (Exercises)
10: Solids and Liquids
10.01: Prelude to Solids and Liquids
10.02: Intermolecular Forces
10.03: Phase Transitions - Melting Boiling and Subliming
10.04: Properties of Liquids
10.05: Solids
10.E: Solids and Liquids (Exercises)
11: Solutions
11.01: Prelude to Solutions
11.02: Definitions
11.03: Ionic Equations - A Closer Look
11.04: Quantitative Units of Concentration
11.05: Dilutions and Concentrations
11.06: Concentrations as Conversion Factors
11.07: Colligative Properties of Solutions
11.08: Colligative Properties of Ionic Solutes
11.E: Solutions (Exercises)
12: Kinetics
12.01: Chemical Reaction Rate
12.02: Collision Theory
12.03: Activation Energy
12.04: Potential Energy Diagrams
12.05: Activated Complex
12.06: Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
12.07: Catalysts
12.08: Rate Law and Specific Rate Constant
12.09: Order of Reaction
12.10: Determining the Rate Law from Experimental Data
12.11: Reaction Mechanisms and the Elementary Step
12.12: Reaction Intermediate
12.13: Molecularity
12.14: Rate-Determining Step
12.15: Mechanisms and Potential Energy Diagrams
13: Chemical Equilibrium
13.01: Prelude to Chemical Equilibrium
13.02: Chemical Equilibrium
13.03: The Equilibrium Constant
13.04: Shifting Equilibria - Le Chatelier's Principle
13.05: Calculating Equilibrium Constant Values
13.06: Some Special Types of Equilibria
13.07: End-of-Chapter Material
14: Acids and Bases
14.01: Introduction
14.02: Arrhenius Acids and Bases
14.03: Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
14.04: Neutralization Reactions
14.05: Acid-Base Titrations
14.06: Strong and Weak Acids and Bases and their Salts
14.07: Autoionization of Water
14.08: The pH Scale
14.09: Buffers
14.E: Acids and Bases (Exercises)
15: Oxidation and Reduction
15.01: Introduction to Oxidation and Reduction
15.02: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
15.03: Balancing Redox Reactions
15.04: Applications of Redox Reactions - Voltaic Cells
15.05: Electrolysis
15.E: Oxidation-Reduction Reaction (Exercises)
16: Nuclear Chemistry
16.01: Prelude to Nuclear Chemistry
16.02: Radioactivity
16.03: Half-Life
16.04: Units of Radioactivity
16.05: Uses of Radioactive Isotopes
16.06: Nuclear Energy
16.E: Nuclear Chemistry (Exercises)
17: Organic Chemistry
17.01: Prelude to Organic Chemistry
17.02: Hydrocarbons
17.03: Branched Hydrocarbons
17.04: Alkyl Halides and Alcohols
17.05: Other Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups
17.06: Other Functional Groups
17.07: Polymers
17.E: Organic Chemistry (Exercises)
18: Biochemistry
18.01: Monosaccharides
18.02: Disaccharides
18.03: Polysaccharides
18.04: Amino Acids
18.05: Peptides
18.06: Proteins
18.07: Enzymes
18.08: Triglycerides
18.09: Phospholipids
18.10: Waxes
18.11: Nucleic Acids
18.12: DNA and RNA
18.13: Genetic Code
18.14: Protein Synthesis