Nguồn ngoài

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Physiology is the scientific study of the normal function in living systems with a focus on how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions in a living system. Anatomy and physiology make a natural pair of related disciplines that are often studied together.

Medicine

Tác giả: OpenStax
Nhà xuất bản: Roosevelt University
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY
Ngôn ngữ: EN

Đọc trực tuyến Tải PDF (nguồn mở)

Mục lục· 454 mục

01: Levels of Organization
1.01: An Introduction to the Human Body
1.1.01: Introduction
1.1.02: Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
1.1.1: Student Notebook Assignment
1.1.03: Structural Organization of the Human Body
1.1.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.1.04: Functions of Human Life
1.1.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.1.05: Requirements for Human Life
1.1.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.1.06: Homeostasis
1.1.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.1.07: Anatomical Terminology
1.1.7.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.1.08: Medical Imaging
1.1.8.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.1.09: Key Terms
1.9: Interactive Link Questions
1.02: The Chemical Level of Organization
1.2.01: Introduction
1.2.02: Elements and Atoms - The Building Blocks of Matter
1.2.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.2.03: Chemical Bonds
1.2.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.2.04: Chemical Reactions
1.2.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.2.05: Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
1.2.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.2.06: Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
1.2.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.2.07: Key Terms
1.2.08: Interactive Link Questions
1.03: The Cellular Level of Organization
1.3.01: Introduction
1.3.1.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.3.02: The Cell Membrane
1.3.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.3.03: The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
1.3.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.3.04: The Nucleus and DNA Replication
1.3.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.3.05: Protein Synthesis
3.4.1: Student Notebook Assignment
1.3.06: Cell Growth and Division
1.3.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.3.07: Cellular Differentiation
1.3.7.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.3.08: Key Terms
1.3.09: Interactive Link Questions
1.04: The Tissue Level of Organization
1.4.01: Introduction
1.4.02: Types of Tissues
1.4.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.4.03: Epithelial Tissue
1.4.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.4.04: Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
1.4.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.4.05: Muscle Tissue and Motion
1.4.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.4.06: Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response
1.4.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.4.07: Tissue Injury and Aging
1.4.7.01: Student Notebook Assignment
1.4.08: Key Terms
1.4.09: Interactive Link Questions
02: Support and Movement
2.01: The Integumentary System
2.1.01: Introduction
2.1.02: Layers of the Skin
2.1.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.1.03: Accessory Structures of the Skin
2.1.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.1.04: Functions of the Integumentary System
2.1.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.1.05: Diseases Disorders and Injuries of the Integumentary System
2.1.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.1.06: Key Terms
2.1.07: Interactive Link Questions
2.1.08: Critical Thinking Questions
2.02: Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
2.2.01: Introduction
2.2.02: The Functions of the Skeletal System
2.2.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.2.03: Bone Classification
2.2.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.2.04: Bone Structure
2.2.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.2.05: Bone Formation and Development
2.2.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.2.06: Fractures - Bone Repair
2.2.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.2.07: Exercise Nutrition Hormones and Bone Tissue
2.2.7.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.2.08: Calcium Homeostasis - Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems
2.2.8.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.2.09: Key Terms
2.03: Axial Skeleton
2.3.01: Introduction
2.3.02: Divisions of the Skeletal System
2.3.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.3.03: The Skull
2.3.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.3.04: The Vertebral Column
2.3.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.3.05: The Thoracic Cage
2.3.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.3.06: Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton
2.3.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.3.07: Key Terms
2.3.08: Interactive Link Questions
2.04: The Appendicular Skeleton
2.4.01: Introduction
2.4.02: The Pectoral Girdle
2.4.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.4.03: Bones of the Upper Limb
2.4.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.4.04: The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
2.4.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.4.05: Bones of the Lower Limb
2.4.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.4.06: Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
2.4.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.4.07: Key Terms
2.4.08: Interactive Link Questions
2.05: Joints
2.5.01: Introduction
2.5.02: Classification of Joints
2.5.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.5.03: Fibrous Joints
2.5.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.5.04: Cartilaginous Joints
2.5.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.5.05: Synovial Joints
2.5.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.5.06: Types of Body Movements
2.5.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.5.07: Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
2.5.7.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.5.08: Development of Joints
2.5.8.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.5.09: Key Terms
2.5.10: Interactive Link Questions
2.06: Muscle Tissue
2.6.01: Introduction
2.6.02: Overview of Muscle Tissues
2.6.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.6.03: Skeletal Muscle
2.6.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.6.04: Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
2.6.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.6.05: Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
2.6.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.6.06: Types of Muscle Fibers
2.6.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.6.07: Exercise and Muscle Performance
2.6.7.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.6.08: Cardiac Muscle Tissue
2.6.8.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.6.09: Smooth Muscle
2.6.9.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.6.10: Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
2.6.10.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.6.11: Key Terms
2.6.12: Interactive Link Questions
2.07: The Muscular System
2.7.01: Introduction
2.7.02: Interactions of Skeletal Muscles Their Fascicle Arrangement and Their Lever Systems
2.7.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.7.03: Naming Skeletal Muscle
2.7.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.7.04: Axial Muscles of the Head Neck and Back
2.7.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.7.05: Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Thorax
2.7.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.7.06: Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
2.7.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.7.07: Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
2.7.7.01: Student Notebook Assignment
2.7.08: Key Terms
03: Regulation Integration and Control
3.01: The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
3.1.01: Introduction
3.1.02: Basic Structures and Function of the Nervous System
3.1.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.1.03: Nervous Tissue
3.1.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.1.04: The Function of Nervous Tissue
3.1.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.1.05: The Action Potential
3.1.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.1.06: Communication Between Neurons
3.1.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.1.07: Key Terms
3.1.08: Interactive Link Questions
3.02: Anatomy of the Nervous Tissue
3.2.01: Introduction
3.2.02: The Embryologic Perspective
3.2.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.2.03: The Central Nervous System
3.2.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.2.04: Circulation and the Central Nervous System
3.2.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.2.05: The Peripheral Nervous System
3.2.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.2.06: Key Terms
3.2.07: Interactive Link Questions
3.03: The Somatic Nervous System
3.3.01: Introduction
3.3.02: Sensory Perception
3.3.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.3.03: Central Processing
3.3.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.3.04: Motor Processing
3.3.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.3.05: Key Terms
3.3.06: Interactive Link Questions
3.04: The Autonomic Nervous System
3.4.01: Introduction
3.4.02: Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
3.4.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.4.03: Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
3.4.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.4.04: Central Control
3.4.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.4.05: Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
3.4.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.4.06: Key Terms
3.4.07: Interactive Link Questions
3.05: The Neurological Exam
3.5.01: Introduction
3.5.02: Overview of the Neurological Exam
3.5.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.5.03: The Mental Status Exam
3.5.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.5.04: The Cranial Nerve Exam
3.5.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.5.05: The Sensory and Motor Exams
3.5.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.5.06: The Coordination and Gait Exams
3.5.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.5.07: Key Terms
3.5.08: Interactive Link Questions
3.06: The Endocrine System
3.6.01: Introduction
3.6.02: An Overview of the Endocrine System
3.6.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.6.03: Hormones
3.6.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.6.04: The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
3.6.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.6.05: The Thyroid Gland
3.6.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.6.06: The Parathyroid Glands
3.6.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.6.07: The Adrenal Glands
3.6.7.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.6.08: The Pineal Gland
3.6.8.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.6.09: Gonadal and Placental Hormones
3.6.9.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.6.10: The Endocrine Pancreas
3.6.10.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.6.11: Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
3.6.11.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.6.12: Development and Aging of the Endocrine System
3.6.12.01: Student Notebook Assignment
3.6.13: Key Terms
3.6.14: Interactive Link Questions
04: Fluids and Transport
4.01: The Cardiovascular System - Blood
4.1.01: Introduction
4.1.02: An Overview of Blood
4.1.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.1.03: Production of the Formed Elements
4.1.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.1.04: Erythrocytes
4.1.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.1.05: Leukocytes and Platelets
4.1.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.1.06: Hemostasis
4.1.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.1.07: Blood Typing
4.1.7.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.1.08: Key Terms
4.1.09: Interactive Link Questions
4.02: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart
4.2.01: Introduction
4.2.02: Heart Anatomy
4.2.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.2.03: Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
4.2.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.2.04: Cardiac Cycle
4.2.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.2.05: Cardiac Physiology
4.2.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.2.06: Development of the Heart
4.2.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.2.07: Key Terms
4.2.08: Interactive Link Questions
4.03: The Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels and Circulation
4.3.01: Introduction
4.3.02: Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
4.3.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.3.03: Blood Flow Blood Pressure and Resistance
4.3.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.3.04: Capillary Exchange
4.3.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.3.05: Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
4.3.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.3.06: Circulatory Pathways
4.3.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.3.07: Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
4.3.7.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.3.08: Key Terms
4.3.09: Interactive Link Questions
4.04: The Lymphatic and Immune System
4.4.01: Introduction
4.4.02: Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
4.4.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.4.03: Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
4.4.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.4.04: The Adaptive Immune Response - T Lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
4.4.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.4.05: The Adaptive Immune Response - B Lymphocytes and Antibodies
4.4.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.4.06: The Immune Response Against Pathogens
4.4.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.4.07: Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
4.4.7.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.4.08: Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
4.4.8.01: Student Notebook Assignment
4.4.09: Key Terms
4.4.10: Interactive Link Questions
05: Energy Maintenance and Environmental Exchange
5.01: The Respiratory System
5.1.01: Introduction
5.1.02: Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
5.1.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.1.03: The Lungs
5.1.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.1.04: The Process of Breathing
5.1.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.1.05: Gas Exchange
5.1.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.1.06: Transport of Gases
5.1.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.1.07: Modifications in Respiratory Functions
5.1.7.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.1.08: Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
5.1.8.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.1.09: Key Terms
5.1.10: Interactive Link Questions
5.02: The Digestive System
5.2.01: Introduction
5.2.02: Overview of the Digestive System
5.2.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.2.03: Digestive System Processes and Regulation
5.2.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.2.04: The Mouth Pharynx and Esophagus
5.2.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.2.05: The Stomach
5.2.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.2.06: The Small and Large Intestines
5.2.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.2.07: Accessory Organs in Digestion- The Liver Pancreas and Gallbladder
5.2.7.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.2.08: Chemical Digestion and Absorption - A Closer Look
5.2.8.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.2.09: Key Terms
5.2.10: Interactive Link Questions
5.03: Metabolism and Nutrition
5.3.01: Introduction
5.3.02: Overview of Metabolic Reactions
5.3.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.3.03: Carbohydrate Metabolism
5.3.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.3.04: Lipid Metabolism
5.3.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.3.05: Protein Metabolism
5.3.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.3.06: Metabolic States of the Body
5.3.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.3.07: Energy and Heat Balance
5.3.7.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.3.08: Nutrition and Diet
5.3.8.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.3.09: Key Terms
5.04: The Urinary System
5.4.01: Introduction
5.4.02: Physical Characteristics of Urine
5.4.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.4.03: Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
5.4.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.4.04: Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
5.4.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.4.05: Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
5.4.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.4.06: Physiology of Urine Formation
5.4.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.4.07: Tubular Reabsorption
5.4.7.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.4.08: Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
5.4.8.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.4.09: Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
5.4.9.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.4.10: Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
5.4.10.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.4.11: The Urinary System and Homeostasis
5.4.11.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.4.12: Key Terms
5.05: Fluid Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance
5.5.01: Introduction
5.5.02: Body Fluids and Fluid Compartment
5.5.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.5.03: Water Balance
5.5.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.5.04: Electrolyte Balance
5.5.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.5.05: Acid-Base Balance
5.5.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.5.06: Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
5.5.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
5.5.07: Key Terms
5.5.08: Interactive Link Questions
06: Human Development and the Continuity of Life
6.01: The Reproductive System
6.1.01: Introduction
6.1.02: Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
6.1.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
6.1.03: Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
6.1.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
6.1.04: Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
6.1.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
6.1.05: Key Terms
6.1.06: Interactive Link Questions
6.02: Development and Inheritance
6.2.01: Introduction
6.2.02: Fertilization
6.2.2.01: Student Notebook Assignment
6.2.03: Embryonic Development
6.2.3.01: Student Notebook Assignment
6.2.04: Fetal Development
6.2.4.01: Student Notebook Assignment
6.2.05: Changes During Pregnancy Labor and Birth
6.2.5.01: Student Notebook Assignment
6.2.06: Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages
6.2.6.01: Student Notebook Assignment
6.2.07: Lactation
6.2.7.01: Student Notebook Assignment
6.2.08: Patterns of Inheritance
6.2.8.01: Student Notebook Assignment
6.2.09: Key Terms
6.2.10: Interactive Link Questions