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CHEM 1000 - Introduction to Chemistry (Riverland)

Chemistry

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Nguồn: LibreTexts
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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Mục lục· 187 mục

01: The Chemical World
1.01: The Scope of Chemistry
1.02: Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things
1.03: Hypothesis Theories and Laws
1.04: The Scientific Method - How Chemists Think
1.05: A Beginning Chemist - How to Succeed
1.06: Solving Societys Problems - Scientific Research
1.07: Cosmetics - Personal Care Chemicals
1.E: Exercises
02: Measurement and Problem Solving
2.01: Taking Measurements
2.02: Scientific Notation - Writing Large and Small Numbers
2.03: Significant Figures - Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision
2.04: Significant Figures in Calculations
2.05: The Basic Units of Measurement
2.06: Problem Solving and Unit Conversions
2.07: Density
03: Matter and Energy
3.01: In Your Room
3.02: What is Matter
3.03: Classifying Matter According to Its StateSolid Liquid and Gas
3.04: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition
3.05: Differences in Matter- Physical and Chemical Properties
3.06: Changes in Matter - Physical and Chemical Changes
3.07: Conservation of Mass - There is No New Matter
3.08: Energy
3.09: Energy and Chemical and Physical Change
3.10: Temperature - Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms
04: Atoms Elements and the Periodic Table
4.01: Cutting Aluminum until you get Atoms
4.02: Indivisible - The Atomic Theory
4.03: The Nuclear Atom
4.04: The Properties of Protons Neutrons and Electrons
4.05: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
4.06: The Bohr Model - Atoms with Orbits
4.07: Elements- Defined by Their Number of Protons
4.08: Mendeleev and Periodic Table
4.09: Looking for Patterns - The Periodic Table
4.10: The Quantum-Mechanical Model- Atoms with Orbitals
4.11: Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations
4.12: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
4.13: Ions - Losing and Gaining Electrons
4.14: Isotopes - When the Number of Neutrons Varies
4.15: Atomic Mass - The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms
05: Molecules and Compounds
5.01: Sugar and Salt
5.02: Compounds Display Constant Composition
5.03: Chemical Formulas - How to Represent Compounds
5.04: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds
5.05: Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
5.06: Nomenclature- Naming Compounds
5.07: Naming Ionic Compounds
5.08: Naming Molecular (Covalent) Compounds
5.09: Naming Acids
5.10: Nomenclature Summary
06: Chemical Composition
6.01: Prelude to Chemical Composition - How Much Sodium
6.02: Counting Nails by the Pound
6.03: Counting Atoms by the Gram
6.04: Counting Molecules by the Gram
6.05: Mass Percent Composition of Compounds
6.06: Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula
6.07: Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds
6.08: Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds
07: Chemical Reactions
7.01: Prelude to Chemical Reactions
7.02: Evidence of a Chemical Reaction
7.03: Chemical Equations
7.04: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations
7.05: AcidBase and Gas Evolution Reactions
7.06: OxidationReduction Reactions
7.07: Classifying Chemical Reactions
08: Rates of Reactions
8.01: Introduction to Rates of Reactions
8.02: Factors that Impact Reaction Rates
09: Chemical Equilibrium
9.01: Chemical Equilibrium
9.02: Le Chatelier's Principle
9.03: The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium
9.04: The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst
10: Redox Chemistry
10.01: Oxidation and Reduction- Four Views
10.02: Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
10.03: Oxygen - An Abundant and Essential Oxidizing Agent
10.04: Balancing Redox Equations
10.05: Corrosion and Explosion
10.06: Batteries- Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity
10.07: Electrolysis- Using Electricity to Do Chemistry
10.08: Oxidations Reduction and Living Things
11: Quantities in Chemical Reactions
11.01: Climate Change - Too Much Carbon Dioxide
11.02: Stoichiometry
11.03: Mole-to-Mole Conversions
11.04: Limiting Reactant and Theoretical Yield
11.05: Making Molecules- Mole to Mass (or vice versa) and Mass-to-Mass Conversions
11.06: Limiting Reactant Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants
12: Chemical Bonding
12.01: Prelude to Chemical Bonds
12.02: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots
12.03: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds- Electrons Transferred
12.04: Covalent Lewis Structures- Electrons Shared
12.05: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds
12.06: Violations of the Octet Rule
12.07: Resonance - Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule
12.08: Predicting the Shapes of Molecules
12.09: Electronegativity and Polarity - Why Oil and Water Dont Mix
13: Gases
13.01: Extra-Long Straws
13.02: Kinetic Molecular Theory- A Model for Gases
13.03: Pressure - The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions
13.04: The Combined Gas Law- Pressure Volume and Temperature
13.05: The Ideal Gas Law- Pressure Volume Temperature and Moles
13.06: Mixtures of Gases - Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen
13.07: Boyles Law - Pressure and Volume
13.08: Charless Law- Volume and Temperature
13.09: Gay-Lussac's Law- Temperature and Pressure
13.10: Avogadros Law- Volume and Moles
13.11: Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change
14: Liquids Solids and Intermolecular Forces
14.01: Prelude to Solids and Liquids
14.02: Interactions between Molecules
14.03: Properties of Liquids and Solids
14.04: Surface Tension and Viscosity
14.05: Evaporation and Condensation
14.06: Melting Freezing and Sublimation
14.07: Intermolecular Forces- Dispersion DipoleDipole Hydrogen Bonding and Ion-Dipole
14.08: Cleaning with Soap
15: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
15.01: The Discovery of Radioactivity
15.02: Types of Radioactivity- Alpha Beta and Gamma Decay
15.03: Detecting Radioactivity
15.04: Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life
15.05: Radiocarbon Dating- Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts
15.06: The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb
15.07: Nuclear Power- Using Fission to Generate Electricity
15.08: Nuclear Fusion- The Power of the Sun
15.09: The Effects of Radiation on Life
15.10: Radioactivity in Medicine
16: Solutions
16.01: Water - Some Unique Properties
16.02: Solutions - Homogeneous Mixtures
16.03: The Dissolution Process
16.04: Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water- How to Make Rock Candy
16.05: Solutions of Gases in Water
16.06: Solution Concentration- Mass Percent
16.07: Solution Concentration- Molarity
16.08: Solution Dilution
16.09: Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation
16.10: Osmosis and Diffusion
17: Acids and Bases
17.01: Acids and Bases - Experimental Definitions
17.02: Acids Bases and Salts
17.03: Acidic and Basic Anhydrides
17.04: Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
17.05: Neutralization
17.06: The pH Scale
17.07: Buffers and Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
17.08: Acids and Bases in Industry and in Daily Life
17.09: Acid Rain- Air Pollution Water Pollution
17.10: All-Purpose and Special Purpose Cleaning Products
18: Organic Chemistry
18.01: Prelude to Organic Chemistry
18.02: Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
18.03: Aromatic Compounds- Benzene and Its Relatives
18.04: Halogenated Hydrocarbons- Many Uses Some Hazards
18.05: The Functional Group
18.06: Alcohols Phenols and Ethers
18.07: Aldehydes and Ketones
18.08: Carboxylic Acids and Esters
18.09: Nitrogen-Containing Compounds- Amines and Amides
19: Biochemistry
19.01: Energy and the Living Cell
19.02: Carbohydrates- A Storehouse of Energy
19.03: Fats and Other Lipids
19.04: Proteins- Polymers of Amino Acids
19.05: Structure and Function of Proteins
19.06: Membranes and Membrane Lipids
19.07: Nucleotides
19.08: Nucleic Acids- Parts Structure and Function
19.09: RNA Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code
19.10: Viruses
19.E: Nucleic Acids (Exercises)
19.S: Amino Acids Proteins and Enzymes (Summary)
19.S: Nucleic Acids (Summary)
20: Appendices
20.01: Essential Mathematics
20.02: Units and Conversion Factors