Nguồn ngoài

Thermal Imaging - Level 1

This book provides a clear and practical introduction to infrared thermography for ASNT Level I technicians, combining basic theory with hands-on skills used in real-world inspections. Students learn how heat behaves, how infrared cameras work, and how to capture accurate thermal images while recognizing common sources of error. The book covers key applications in electrical systems, mechanical equipment, and building inspections, while highlighting the responsibilities of Level I personnel.

Inspection and Certification Workforce

Tác giả: Jay Seidel
Nhà xuất bản: Fullerton College
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY-SA
Ngôn ngữ: EN

Đọc trực tuyến Tải PDF (nguồn mở)

Mục lục· 305 mục

01: Introduction to Nondestructive Testing (NDT) and Infrared Thermography
1.01: What Is Nondestructive Testing (NDT)
1.02: Common NDT Methods
1.03: Infrared Thermography as an NDT Method
1.04: Advantages and Limitations of Thermography
1.05: The Role of the Thermography Level I Technician
1.06: Ethics and Professional Responsibility
1.07: Safety Considerations in Thermographic Inspections
1.08: Summary
1.09: Review Questions
02: Fundamentals of Heat Transfer
2.01: Introduction
2.02: Heat vs. Temperature
2.03: The Three Modes of Heat Transfer
2.04: Steady-State and Transient Heat Conditions
2.05: Thermal Mass and Heat Storage
2.06: Solar Loading
2.07: Heat Generation Sources
2.08: Environmental Influences on Heat Transfer
2.09: Practical Implications for Thermography
2.10: Summary
2.11: Review Questions
03: Infrared Theory and Physics
3.01: Introduction
3.02: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
3.03: Infrared Wavelength Bands
3.04: Blackbody Radiation
3.05: Relationship Between Temperature and Infrared Radiation
3.06: Emission Reflection and Transmission
3.07: Apparent Temperature
3.08: Atmospheric Effects on Infrared Radiation
3.09: Infrared Detectors and Image Formation
3.10: Spatial Resolution and Measurement Accuracy
3.11: Practical Implications for Level I Thermographers
3.12: Summary
3.13: Review Questions
04: Emissivity Reflectivity and Transmissivity
4.01: Introduction
4.02: Emissivity
4.03: Reflectivity
4.04: Transmissivity
4.05: Relationship Between Emissivity Reflectivity and Transmissivity
4.06: Viewing Angle and Measurement Error
4.07: Practical Camera Setup Considerations
4.08: Common Errors Related to Surface Properties
4.09: Summary
4.10: Review Questions
05: Infrared Camera Systems
5.01: Introduction
5.02: Basic Components of an Infrared Camera
5.03: Infrared Detector Types
5.04: Key Camera Performance Specifications
5.05: Image Display and Color Palettes
5.06: Focus and Image Clarity
5.07: Camera Calibration and Accuracy
5.08: Handheld vs. Drone-Mounted Infrared Cameras
5.09: Care Handling and Maintenance
5.10: Summary
5.11: Review Questions
5.12: Drone Thermography Specification Tables
06: Camera Controls and Setup
6.01: Introduction
6.02: Importance of Proper Camera Setup
6.03: Focus Control
6.04: Temperature Range Selection
6.05: Level and Span Controls
6.06: Color Palettes
6.07: Emissivity Input
6.08: Reflected Apparent Temperature
6.09: Distance and Atmospheric Inputs
6.10: Image Capture Settings
6.11: Drone-Specific Camera Setup Considerations
6.12: Common Setup Errors
6.13: Documentation of Camera Settings
6.14: Summary
6.15: Review Questions
6.16: Step-by-Step Camera Setup Checklists
07: Image Types and Data Handling
7.01: Introduction
7.02: Thermal Image Types
7.03: Still Images vs. Video
7.04: File Formats
7.05: Metadata and Embedded Information
7.06: File Naming and Organization
7.07: Data Storage and Backup
7.08: Data Transfer and Handoff
7.09: Data Integrity and Ethics
7.10: Drone-Specific Data Handling Considerations
7.11: Quality Control Checks
7.12: Summary
7.13: Review Questions
7.14: Inspection Log Template
08: Inspection Techniques
8.01: Introduction
8.02: Passive and Active Thermography
8.03: Qualitative vs. Quantitative Inspections
8.04: Steady-State and Transient Inspection Conditions
8.05: Comparative Inspection Techniques
8.06: Distance Angle and Access Considerations
8.07: Environmental and Operating Condition Considerations
8.08: Electrical Inspection Techniques (Level I Scope)
8.09: Mechanical Inspection Techniques (Level I Scope)
8.10: Building and Infrastructure Inspection Techniques
8.11: Drone-Based Inspection Techniques
8.12: Common Inspection Errors
8.13: Summary
8.14: Review Questions
09: Safety in Thermographic Inspections
9.01: Introduction
9.02: General Safety Principles
9.03: Electrical Safety
9.04: Mechanical and Industrial Safety
9.05: Working at Heights
9.06: Environmental and Outdoor Safety
9.07: Drone-Based Thermography Safety
9.08: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
9.09: Emergency Preparedness
9.10: Safety Documentation
9.11: Common Safety Mistakes
9.12: Summary
9.13: Review Questions
9.14: Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) Templates
10: Common Sources of Error
10.01: Introduction
10.02: Measurement vs. Indication Errors
10.03: Emissivity-Related Errors
10.04: Reflection Errors
10.05: Atmospheric and Environmental Errors
10.06: Thermal Loading and Operating Condition Errors
10.07: Motion and Stability Errors
10.08: Focus Range and Distance (FoRD) Errors
10.09: Viewing Angle Errors
10.10: Camera Setup and Configuration Errors
10.11: Data Handling Errors
10.12: Human Factors and Procedural Errors
10.13: Summary
10.14: Review Questions
11: Electrical Systems Thermography
11.01: Introduction
11.02: Basic Electrical Concepts (Level I Overview)
11.03: Common Electrical Components Inspected
11.04: Typical Thermal Patterns in Electrical Systems
11.05: Comparative Inspection Techniques
11.06: Inspection Conditions and Timing
11.07: Inspection Workflow (Level I)
11.08: Safety Considerations Specific to Electrical Thermography
11.09: FoRD Considerations in Electrical Inspections
11.10: Environmental Influences
11.11: Documentation and Reporting (Level I Role)
11.12: Common Errors in Electrical Thermography
11.13: Summary
11.14: Review Questions
12: Mechanical Systems Thermography
12.01: Introduction
12.02: Basic Mechanical Concepts (Level I Overview)
12.03: Common Mechanical Components Inspected
12.04: Typical Thermal Patterns in Mechanical Systems
12.05: Comparative Inspection Techniques
12.06: Inspection Conditions and Timing
12.07: Inspection Workflow (Level I)
12.08: Safety Considerations Specific to Mechanical Thermography
12.09: FoRD Considerations in Mechanical Inspections
12.10: Environmental Influences
12.11: Documentation and Reporting (Level I Role)
12.12: Common Errors in Mechanical Thermography
12.13: Summary
12.14: Review Questions
13: Building and Infrastructure Thermography
13.01: Introduction
13.02: Heat Transfer in Buildings (Level I Review)
13.03: Common Building and Infrastructure Applications
13.04: Building Envelope Thermography
13.05: Inspection Conditions and Timing for Buildings
13.06: Roof Thermography (Ground-Based)
13.07: Drone-Based Roof Thermography
13.08: Solar Panel (PV) Thermography
13.09: Infrastructure Thermography
13.10: Documentation and Reporting (Level I Role)
13.11: Common Errors in Building and Infrastructure Thermography
13.12: Summary
13.13: Review Questions
14: Introduction to Drone-Based Thermography
14.01: Introduction
14.02: Why Use Drones for Thermography
14.03: Limitations of Drone-Based Thermography
14.04: Typical Applications of Drone Thermography
14.05: Drone Platforms Used for Thermography
14.06: Thermal Sensors and Payloads
14.07: Flat Field Correction (FFC)
14.08: Focus Range and Distance (FoRD) in Drone Thermography
14.09: Mission Planning Fundamentals (Level I Awareness)
14.10: Regulatory and Compliance Awareness
14.11: Safety Considerations in Drone Thermography
14.12: Environmental Influences on Aerial Thermography
14.13: Data Collection and Documentation (Level I Role)
14.14: Ground-Based vs. Drone-Based Thermography
14.15: Common Errors in Drone Thermography
14.16: Summary
14.17: Review Questions
15: UAS Platforms and Thermal Payloads
15.01: Introduction
15.02: Thermal Sensor Resolution and Pixel Count
15.03: Lens Field of View (FOV) and Resolution
15.04: Mid-Wave vs. Long-Wave Infrared (MWIR vs. LWIR)
15.05: Atmospheric Effects on MWIR and LWIR
15.06: Radiometric vs. Non-Radiometric Thermal Payloads
15.07: Gimbal Stabilization and Image Quality
15.08: FoRD Considerations for UAS Payloads
15.09: Typical Payload Configurations
15.10: Documentation and Payload Identification
15.11: Summary
15.12: Review Questions
16: Regulatory and Operational Considerations
16.01: Introduction
16.02: Overview of Applicable Regulatory Frameworks
16.03: Aviation Regulations for Drone-Based Thermography
16.04: Roles and Responsibilities in Drone Operations
16.05: Operational Planning and Briefings
16.06: Site Access and Permissions
16.07: Electrical and Industrial Regulatory Awareness
16.08: Privacy and Data Protection Considerations
16.09: Operational Limitations Affecting Thermography
16.10: International and Non-U.S. Operations (Awareness)
16.11: Documentation and Compliance Records
16.12: Common Regulatory and Operational Errors
16.13: Summary
16.14: Review Questions
17: Mission Planning for Aerial Thermography
17.01: Introduction
17.02: Defining the Inspection Objective
17.03: Target Characteristics and Resolution Requirements
17.04: Altitude Selection and Ground Sample Distance (GSD)
17.05: Flight Path and Coverage Planning
17.06: Viewing Angle and Sensor Orientation
17.07: Focus Range and Distance (FoRD) Verification
17.08: Environmental Assessment
17.09: Time-of-Day Considerations
17.10: Safety Planning and Risk Mitigation
17.11: Coordination and Communication
17.12: Pre-Flight Briefing Participation (Level I Role)
17.13: In-Flight Data Collection Considerations
17.14: Post-Flight Review and Documentation
17.15: Common Mission Planning Errors
17.16: Summary
17.17: Review Questions
17.18: Mission Planning Worksheets (Aerial Thermography)
18: Aerial Thermal Image Acquisition
18.01: Introduction
18.02: Pre-Flight Camera and Payload Verification
18.03: Focus Range and Distance (FoRD) Verification
18.04: Test Image Capture (Before Full Mission)
18.05: In-Flight Image Acquisition Techniques
18.06: Viewing Angle and Sensor Orientation
18.07: Environmental Monitoring During Flight
18.08: Communication During Image Acquisition
18.09: Managing Multiple Sensors (Thermal Visual)
18.10: Post-Flight Image Review (Initial QC)
18.11: Documentation and Metadata Recording
18.12: Common Aerial Image Acquisition Errors
18.13: Data Handling and Handoff
18.14: Summary
18.15: Review Questions
18.16: Quality Control (QC) Checklists for Aerial Thermography
19: Post-Flight Data Handling and Preparation
19.01: Introduction
19.02: Immediate Post-Flight Actions
19.03: Initial Image Quality Review (QC Confirmation)
19.04: Data Transfer from Aircraft to Storage
19.05: Preservation of Original Data
19.06: File Organization and Folder Structure
19.07: File Naming and Identification
19.08: Metadata Verification
19.09: Data Backup and Redundancy
19.10: Flight Logs and Supporting Data
19.11: Documentation of Limitations and Anomalies
19.12: Preparing Data for Analysis and Handoff
19.13: Data Security and Confidentiality
19.14: Common Post-Flight Data Handling Errors
19.15: Summary
19.16: Review Questions
20: Review Documentation and Professional Practice
20.01: Introduction
20.02: Review of Collected Data (Level I Role)
20.03: Documentation Standards
20.04: Use of Images in Documentation
20.05: Handling Limitations and Uncertainty
20.06: Data Integrity and Chain of Custody
20.07: Professional Conduct and Ethics
20.08: Communication and Teamwork
20.09: Continuous Improvement and Professional Development
20.10: Regulatory and Standards Awareness
20.11: Common Documentation and Professional Practice Errors
20.12: Summary
20.13: Comprehensive Review Questions
21: Practice Level I Practical Examination
21.01: Purpose and Instructions
21.02: SECTION 1- Equipment Setup and Pre-Inspection Verification
21.03: SECTION 2- FoRD Validation (Critical Section)
21.04: SECTION 3- Handheld Thermal Image Acquisition
21.05: SECTION 4- Aerial Thermography
21.06: SECTION 5- Thermal Tuning Awareness (Software Review)
21.07: SECTION 6- Quality Control (QC)
21.08: SECTION 7- Documentation Practice
21.09: SECTION 8- Safety and Professional Judgment
21.10: SECTION 9- Final Self-Assessment