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Chemistry - Atoms First

General Chemistry Chemistry

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Nhà xuất bản: LibreTexts
Nguồn: LibreTexts
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Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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01: Essential Ideas of Chemistry
1.1: Chemistry in Context
1.2: Phases and Classification of Matter
1.3: Physical and Chemical Properties
1.4: Measurements
1.5: Measurement Uncertainty Accuracy and Precision
1.6: Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
1.E: Essential Ideas of Chemistry (Exercises)
02: Atoms Molecules and Ions
2.0: Prelude to Atoms
2.1: Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
2.2: Evolution of Atomic Theory
2.3: Atomic Structure and Symbolism
2.4: Chemical Formulas
2.5: The Periodic Table
2.6: Molecular and Ionic Compounds
2.7: Chemical Nomenclature
2.E: Atoms Molecules and Ions (Exercises)
03: Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties
3.1: Electromagnetic Energy
3.2: The Bohr Model
3.3: Development of Quantum Theory
3.4: Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
3.5: Periodic Variations in Element Properties
3.E: Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties (Exercises)
04: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
4.0: Prelude to Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry
4.1: Ionic Bonding
4.2: Covalent Bonding
4.3: Lewis Symbols and Structures
4.4: Formal Charges and Resonance
4.5: Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
4.6: Molecular Structure and Polarity
4.E: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry (Exercises)
05: Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding
5.0: Prelude to Covalent Bonding
5.1: Valence Bond Theory
5.2: Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
5.3: Multiple Bonds
5.4: Molecular Orbital Theory
5.E: Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding (Exercises)
06: Composition of Substances and Solutions
6.1: Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
6.2: Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
6.3: Molarity
6.4: Other Units for Solution Concentrations
6.E: Composition of Substances and Solutions (Exercises)
07: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
7.0: Prelude to Stoichiometry
7.1: Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
7.2: Classifying Chemical Reactions
7.3: Reaction Stoichiometry
7.4: Reaction Yields
7.5: Quantitative Chemical Analysis
7.E: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions (Exercises)
08: Gases
8.1: Gas Pressure
8.2: Relating Pressure Volume Amount and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
8.3: Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances Mixtures and Reactions
8.4: Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
8.5: The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
8.6: Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
8.E: Gases (Exercises)
09: Thermochemistry
9.0: Prelude to Thermochemistry
9.1: Energy Basics
9.2: Calorimetry
9.3: Enthalpy
9.E: Thermochemistry (Exercises)
10: Liquids and Solids
10.0: Prelude to Liquids and Solids
10.1: Intermolecular Forces
10.2: Properties of Liquids
10.3: Phase Transitions
10.4: Phase Diagrams
10.5: The Solid State of Matter
10.6: Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
10.E: Liquids and Solids (Exercises)
11: Solutions and Colloids
11.0: Prelude to Solutions and Colloids
11.1: The Dissolution Process
11.2: Electrolytes
11.3: Solubility
11.4: Colligative Properties
11.5: Colloids
11.E: Solutions and Colloids (Exercises)
12: Thermodynamics
12.1: Spontaneity
12.2: Entropy
12.3: The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
12.4: Gibbs Energy
12.E: Thermodynamics (Exercises)
13: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts
13.0: Prelude to Equilibrium
13.1: Chemical Equilibria
13.2: Equilibrium Constants
13.3: Shifting Equilibria: Le Chateliers Principle
13.4: Equilibrium Calculations
13.E: Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts (Exercises)
14: Acid-Base Equilibria
14.1: Brnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
14.2: pH and pOH
14.3: Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
14.4: Hydrolysis of Salt Solutions
14.5: Polyprotic Acids
14.6: Buffers
14.7: Acid-Base Titrations
14.E: Acid-Base Equilibria (Exercises)
15: Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes
15.1: Precipitation and Dissolution
15.2: Lewis Acids and Bases
15.3: Coupled Equilibria
15.E: Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes (Exercises)
16: Electrochemistry
16.1: Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
16.2: Galvanic Cells
16.3: Standard Reduction Potentials
16.4: The Nernst Equation
16.5: Batteries and Fuel Cells
16.6: Corrosion
16.7: Electrolysis
16.E: Electrochemistry (Exercises)
17: Kinetics
17.0: Prelude to Kinetics
17.1: Chemical Reaction Rates
17.2: Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
17.3: Rate Laws
17.4: Integrated Rate Laws
17.5: Collision Theory
17.6: Reaction Mechanisms
17.8: Catalysis
17.E: Kinetics (Exercises)
18: Representative Metals Metalloids and Nonmetals
18.01: Periodicity
18.02: Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
18.03: Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
18.04: Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
18.05: Occurrence Preparation and Compounds of Hydrogen
18.06: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Carbonates
18.07: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Nitrogen
18.08: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Phosphorus
18.09: Occurrence Preparation and Compounds of Oxygen
18.10: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Sulfur
18.11: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of Halogens
18.12: Occurrence Preparation and Properties of the Noble Gases
18.E: Representative Metals Metalloids and Nonmetals (Exercises)
19: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
19.1: Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
19.2: Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
19.3: Optical and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
19.E: Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry (Exercises)
20: Nuclear Chemistry
20.1: Nuclear Structure and Stability
20.2: Nuclear Equations
20.3: Radioactive Decay
20.4: Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
20.5: Uses of Radioisotopes
20.6: Biological Effects of Radiation
20.E: Nuclear Chemistry (Exercises)
21: Organic Chemistry
21.0: Prelude to Organic Chemistry
21.1: Hydrocarbons
21.2: Alcohols and Ethers
21.3: Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic Acids and Esters
21.4: Amines and Amides
21.E: Organic Chemistry (Exercises)
Appendices
Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
Essential Mathematics
Formation Constants for Complex Ions
Fundamental Physical Constants
Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
Solubility Products
Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
The Periodic Table
Units and Conversion Factors
Water Properties