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Botany

Nguồn ngoài

Botany

Botany generally refers to the study of plants, but other organisms are often included in the field such as photosynthetic bacteria, fungi, algae, and slime molds. Plants are multicellular organisms with complex, eukaryotic cells that contain cell walls, chloroplasts, and other cell structures that are absent in animal cells. They can be studied at many levels, ranging from the molecules that comprise them to cells and tissues to organs to organ systems.

BotanyBiology
Tác giả
Melissa Ha, Maria Morrow, & Kammy Algiers
Nhà xuất bản
Yuba College, College of the Redwoods, & Ventura College
Nguồn
LibreTexts
Giấy phép
CC BY-NC
Ngôn ngữ
EN
Danh mục
Khoa học cơ bản
Đọc trực tuyến Tải PDF (nguồn mở)
Mục lục· 174 mục
  1. 01: Introduction to Botany
  2. 1.01: Introduction
  3. 1.1.01: The Scientific Method
  4. 1.1.02: Organisms Studied in Botany
  5. 1.1.03: Intro to Evolution
  6. 1.1.04: Life Cycles
  7. 1.1.05: Subfields and Applications in Plant Biology
  8. 1.1.06: Chapter Summary
  9. 02: Biodiversity (Organismal Groups)
  10. 2.01: Systematics
  11. 2.1.01: Introduction
  12. 2.1.02: Organizing Life on Earth
  13. 2.1.03: Determining Evolutionary Relationships
  14. 2.1.04: Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
  15. 2.1.05: Chapter Summary
  16. 2.02: Prokaryotes and Viruses
  17. 2.2.01: Prokaryotes
  18. 2.2.1.01: Cell Structure
  19. 2.2.1.02: Archaea
  20. 2.2.1.03: Bacteria
  21. 2.2.1.3.01: Cyanobacteria
  22. 2.2.1.3.02: Root Nodules
  23. 2.2.02: Viruses
  24. 2.2.03: Chapter Summary
  25. 2.03: Fungi
  26. 2.3.01: Introduction to Fungi
  27. 2.3.02: Characteristics of Fungi
  28. 2.3.03: Ecology of Fungi
  29. 2.3.04: Microfungi
  30. 2.3.05: Macrofungi
  31. 2.3.06: Importance of Fungi in Human Life
  32. 2.3.07: Chapter Summary
  33. 2.04: Protists
  34. 2.4.01: Introduction to Protists
  35. 2.4.02: Heterotrophic Protists
  36. 2.4.2.01: Slime Molds
  37. 2.4.2.02: Oomycota
  38. 2.4.03: Photosynthetic Protists
  39. 2.4.3.01: Dinoflagellates
  40. 2.4.3.02: Brown Algae and Diatoms
  41. 2.4.3.03: Red and Green Algae
  42. 2.4.04: Chapter Summary
  43. 2.05: Early Land Plants
  44. 2.5.01: Introduction to Early Land Plants
  45. 2.5.02: Bryophytes
  46. 2.5.2.01: Anthocerotophyta
  47. 2.5.2.02: Marchantiophyta
  48. 2.5.2.03: Bryophyta
  49. 2.5.03: Seedless Vascular Plants
  50. 2.5.3.01: Lycopodiopsida
  51. 2.5.3.02: Polypodiopsida
  52. 2.5.04: Chapter Summary
  53. 2.06: Seed Plants
  54. 2.6.01: Introduction to Seed Plants
  55. 2.6.02: Gymnosperms
  56. 2.6.2.01: Cycads and Ginkos
  57. 2.6.2.02: Conifers and Gnetophytes
  58. 2.6.03: Angiosperms
  59. 2.6.3.01: Flowers
  60. 2.6.3.02: Angiosperm Life Cycle
  61. 2.6.04: Chapter Summary
  62. 2.07: Angiosperm Diversity
  63. 2.7.01: Monocots and Eudicots
  64. 2.7.02: Pollination Syndromes
  65. 2.7.03: Fruits and Dispersal
  66. 2.7.04: Angiosperm Families
  67. 2.7.05: Chapter Summary
  68. 03: Plant Structure
  69. 3.01: Cells and Tissues
  70. 3.1.01: Introduction to Cells
  71. 3.1.02: Plant Cell Structure
  72. 3.1.03: Plant Tissues
  73. 3.1.04: Chapter Summary
  74. 3.02: Roots
  75. 3.2.01: Organs and Organ Systems
  76. 3.2.02: External Root Structure
  77. 3.2.03: Internal Root Structure
  78. 3.2.04: Root Modifications
  79. 3.2.05: Chapter Summary
  80. 3.03: Stems
  81. 3.3.01: Stem Morphology (External Structure)
  82. 3.3.02: Internal Anatomy of the Primary Stem
  83. 3.3.03: Secondary Stem
  84. 3.3.04: Stem Modifications
  85. 3.3.05: Chapter Summary
  86. 3.04: Leaves
  87. 3.4.01: External Structure of Leaves
  88. 3.4.02: Internal Leaf Structure
  89. 3.4.03: Leaf Modifications
  90. 3.4.04: Chapter Summary
  91. 04: Plant Physiology and Regulation
  92. 4.01: Photosynthesis and Respiration
  93. 4.1.01: Energy and ATP
  94. 4.1.02: Aerobic Cellular Respiration
  95. 4.1.03: Photosynthesis Overview and Equation
  96. 4.1.04: Discovery of Photosynthesis
  97. 4.1.05: The Light-dependent Reactions
  98. 4.1.06: Light-independent Reactions
  99. 4.1.07: Photorespiration and Photosynthetic Pathways
  100. 4.1.08: Chapter Summary
  101. 4.02: Environmental Responses
  102. 4.2.01: Tropisms
  103. 4.2.02: Flowering
  104. 4.2.03: Photoperiodism
  105. 4.2.04: Etiolation and Shade Avoidance
  106. 4.2.05: Dormancy
  107. 4.2.06: Chapter Summary
  108. 4.03: Nutrition and Soils
  109. 4.3.01: Essential Elements
  110. 4.3.02: Soils
  111. 4.3.03: Nutrient Cycles
  112. 4.3.04: Chapter Summary
  113. 4.04: Hormones
  114. 4.4.01: Auxin
  115. 4.4.02: Cytokinins
  116. 4.4.03: Gibberellins
  117. 4.4.04: Abscisic Acid
  118. 4.4.05: Ethylene
  119. 4.4.06: Summary Table
  120. 4.4.07: Other Signaling Molecules
  121. 4.4.08: Chapter Summary
  122. 4.05: Transport
  123. 4.5.01: Water Transport
  124. 4.5.1.01: Water Potential
  125. 4.5.1.02: Transpiration
  126. 4.5.1.2.01: Adaptations to Reduce Transpiration
  127. 4.5.1.2.02: Stomatal Opening and Closure
  128. 4.5.1.03: Cohesion-Tension Theory
  129. 4.5.1.04: Water Absorption
  130. 4.5.02: Translocation (Assimilate Transport)
  131. 4.5.03: Chapter Summary
  132. 4.06: Development
  133. 4.6.01: Embryogenesis
  134. 4.6.02: Meristems
  135. 4.6.03: Mature Embryos and Seed Structure
  136. 4.6.04: Germination
  137. 4.6.05: Shoot Development
  138. 4.6.06: Chapter Summary
  139. 05: Ecology and Conservation
  140. 5.01: Population Ecology
  141. 5.1.01: Population Size and Density
  142. 5.1.02: Life Histories and Natural Selection
  143. 5.1.03: Environmental Limits to Population Growth
  144. 5.1.04: Population Dynamics and Regulation
  145. 5.1.05: Chapter Summary
  146. 5.02: Communities and Ecosystems
  147. 5.2.01: Communities
  148. 5.2.02: Community Interactions
  149. 5.2.03: Symbiosis
  150. 5.2.04: Biodiversity in Ecosystems
  151. 5.2.05: Succession
  152. 5.2.06: Ecosystem
  153. 5.2.07: Energy and Energy Flow
  154. 5.2.08: Food Chains and Food Webs
  155. 5.2.09: Chapter Summary
  156. 5.03: Conservation
  157. 5.3.01: The Value of Biodiversity
  158. 5.3.02: Threats to Biodiversity
  159. 5.3.03: Preserving Biodiversity
  160. 5.3.04: Chapter Summary
  161. 5.04: Terrestrial Biomes
  162. 5.4.01: Introduction
  163. 5.4.02: Climate and Biomes
  164. 5.4.03: Tropical Rainforest
  165. 5.4.04: Tropical Deciduous Forest
  166. 5.4.05: Savannas
  167. 5.4.06: Desert
  168. 5.4.07: Mediterranean (Chaparral)
  169. 5.4.08: Temperate Grasslands (Prairie)
  170. 5.4.09: Temperate Deciduous Forests
  171. 5.4.10: 22.10 Temperate Rainforest
  172. 5.4.11: Boreal (Coniferous) Forests
  173. 5.4.12: Arctic Tundra
  174. 5.4.13: Chapter Summary