Nguồn ngoài

Analytical Chemistry 2.1

The introductory course in analytical chemistry is the ideal place in the undergraduate chemistry curriculum for exploring topics such as experimental design, sampling, calibration strategies, standardization, optimization, statistics, and the validation of experimental results. Analytical methods come and go, but best practices for designing and validating analytical methods are universal.

Chemistry

Tác giả: David Harvey
Nhà xuất bản: DePauw University
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY-NC-SA
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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Mục lục· 170 mục

01: Introduction to Analytical Chemistry
1.01: What is Analytical Chemistry
1.02: The Analytical Perspective
1.03: Common Analytical Problems
1.04: Problems
1.05: Additional Resources
1.06: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
02: Basic Tools of Analytical Chemistry
2.01: Measurements in Analytical Chemistry
2.02: Concentration
2.03: Stoichiometric Calculations
2.04: Basic Equipment
2.05: Preparing Solutions
2.06: Spreadsheets and Computational Software
2.07: The Laboratory Notebook
2.08: Problems
2.09: Additional Resources
2.10: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
03: The Vocabulary of Analytical Chemistry
3.01: Analysis, Determination, and Measurement
3.02: Techniques, Methods, Procedures, and Protocols
3.03: Classifying Analytical Techniques
3.04: Selecting an Analytical Method
3.05: Developing the Procedure
3.06: Protocols
3.07: The Importance of Analytical Methodology
3.08: Problems
3.09: Additional Resources
3.10: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
04: Evaluating Analytical Data
4.01: Characterizing Measurements and Results
4.02: Characterizing Experimental Errors
4.03: Propagation of Uncertainty
4.04: The Distribution of Measurements and Results
4.05: Statistical Analysis of Data
4.06: Statistical Methods for Normal Distributions
4.07: Detection Limits
4.08: Using Excel and R to Analyze Data
4.09: Problems
4.10: Additional Resources
4.11: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
05: Standardizing Analytical Methods
5.01: Analytical Signals
5.02: Calibrating the Signal
5.03: Determining the Sensitivity
5.04: Linear Regression and Calibration Curves
5.05: Compensating for the Reagent Blank
5.06: Using Excel and R for a Linear Regression
5.07: Problems
5.08: Additional Resources
5.09: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
06: Equilibrium Chemistry
6.01: Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibria
6.02: Thermodynamics and Equilibrium Chemistry
6.03: Manipulating Equilibrium Constants
6.04: Equilibrium Constants for Chemical Reactions
6.05: Le Châtelier’s Principle
6.06: Ladder Diagrams
6.07: Solving Equilibrium Problems
6.08: Buffer Solutions
6.09: Activity Effects
6.10: Using Excel and R to Solve Equilibrium Problems
6.11: Some Final Thoughts on Equilibrium Calculations
6.12: Problems
6.13: Additional Resources
6.14: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
07: Obtaining and Preparing Samples for Analysis
7.01: The Importance of Sampling
7.02: Designing a Sampling Plan
7.03: Implementing the Sampling Plan
7.04: Separating the Analyte From Interferents
7.05: General Theory of Separation Effiiciency
7.06: Classifying Separation Techniques
7.07: Liquid-Liquid Extractions
7.08: Separation Versus Preconcentration
7.09: Problems
7.10: Additional Resources
7.11: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
08: Gravimetric Methods
8.01: Overview of Gravimetric Methods
8.02: Precipitation Gravimetry
8.03: Volatilization Gravimetry
8.04: Particulate Gravimetry
8.05: Problems
8.06: Additional Resources
8.07: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
09: Titrimetric Methods
9.01: Overview of Titrimetry
9.02: Acid–Base Titrations
9.03: Complexation Titrations
9.04: Redox Titrations
9.05: Precipitation Titrations
9.06: Problems
9.07: Additional Resources
9.08: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
10: Spectroscopic Methods
10.01: Overview of Spectroscopy
10.02: Spectroscopy Based on Absorption
10.03: UV
Vis and IR Spectroscopy
10.04: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
10.05: Emission Spectroscopy
10.06: Photoluminescent Spectroscopy
10.07: Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
10.08: Spectroscopy Based on Scattering
10.09: Problems
10.10: Additional Resources
10.11: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
11: Electrochemical Methods
11.01: Overview of Electrochemistry
11.02: Potentiometric Methods
11.03: Coulometric Methods
11.04: Voltammetric and Amperometric Methods
11.05: Problems
11.06: Additional Resources
11.07: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
12: Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods
12.01: Overview of Analytical Separations
12.02: General Theory of Column Chromatography
12.03: Optimizing Chromatographic Separations
12.04: Gas Chromatography
12.05: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
12.06: Other Forms of Chromatography
12.07: Electrophoresis
12.08: Problems
12.09: Additional Resources
12.10: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
13: Kinetic Methods
13.01: Kinetic Techniques versus Equilibrium Techniques
13.02: Chemical Kinetics
13.03: Radiochemistry
13.04: Flow Injection Analysis
13.05: Problems
13.06: Additional Resources
13.07: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
14: Developing a Standard Method
14.01: Optimizing the Experimental Procedure
14.02: Verifying the Method
14.03: Validating the Method as a Standard Method
14.04: Using Excel and R for an Analysis of Variance
14.05: Problems
14.06: Additional Resources
14.07: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
15: Quality Assurance
15.01: The Analytical Perspective Revisited
15.02: Quality Control
15.03: Quality Assessment
15.04: Evaluating Quality Assurance Data
15.05: Problems
15.06: Additional Resources
15.07: Chapter Summary and Key Terms
16: Appendix
16.01: Normality
16.02: Propagation of Uncertainty
16.03: Single-Sided Normal Distribution
16.04: Critical Values for t-Test
16.05: Critical Values for F-Test
16.06: Critical Values for Dixon's Q-Test
16.07: Critical Values for Grubb's Test
16.08: Recommended Primary Standards
16.09: Correcting Mass for the Buoyancy of Air
16.10: Solubility Products
16.11: Acid Dissociation Constants
16.12: Formation Constants
16.13: Standard Reduction Potentials
16.14: Random Number Table
16.15: Polarographic Half-Wave Potentials
16.16: Countercurrent Separations
16.17: Review of Chemical Kinetics
16.18: Atomic Weights of the Elements