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Organic Chemistry II

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Organic Chemistry Chemistry

Tác giả: Wade Textmap
Nhà xuất bản: LibreTexts
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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13: Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols
13.01: Introduction to Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols
13.02: Classification of Alcohols
13.03: Physical Properties of Alcohols
13.04: Spectroscopy of Alcohols
13.05: Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
13.06: Synthesis of Alcohols - Review
13.07: Reduction of the Carbonyl Group - Synthesis of 1 and 2 Alcohols
13.08: Organometallic Reagents
13.09: Organometallic Reagents in Alcohol Synthesis
13.10: Thiols (Mercaptans)
13.11: Commercially Important Alcohols
13.12: 13.12 Additional Exercises
13.13: Solutions to Additional Exercises
14: Reactions of Alcohols
14.01: Reactions of Alcohols with Hydrohalic Acids
14.02: Reactions with Phosphorus Halides and Thionyl Chloride
14.03: Alcohol conversion to Esters - Tosylate and Carboxylate
14.04: Dehydration Reactions of Alcohols
14.05: Oxidation States of Alcohols and Related Functional Groups
14.06: Oxidation Reactions of Alcohols
14.07: Determining Alcohol Classifications in the Lab - alternate reactions
14.08: Protection of Alcohols
14.09: Cleavage of Diols
14.10: Reactions of Alkoxides
14.11: Biological Oxidation - An Introduction
14.12: Additional Exercises
14.13: Solutions to Additional Exercises
15: Ethers Epoxides and Thioethers
15.01: Physical Properties of Ethers
15.02: Spectroscopy of Ethers
15.03: The Williamson Ether Synthesis
15.04: Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration Synthesis of Ethers
15.05: Acidic Cleavage of Ethers
15.06: Autoxidation of Ethers
15.07: Synthesis of Epoxides
15.08: Opening of Epoxides
15.09: Reactions of Epoxides with Grignard and Organolithium Reagents
15.10: Crown Ethers
15.11: Epoxy Resins - The Advent of Modern Glues
15.12: Thioethers (Sulfides) and Silyl Ethers
15.13: Additional Exercises
15.14: Solutions to Additional Exercises
16: Conjugated Systems Orbital Symmetry and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
16.01: Stability of Conjugated Dienes - Molecular Orbital Theory
16.02: Allylic Cations
16.03: Electrophilic Additions to Conjugated Dienes
16.04: Kinetic versus Thermodynamic Control
16.05: SN2 Reactions of Allylic Halides and Tosylates
16.06: The Diels-Alder (4 2) Cycloaddition Reaction
16.07: Diels-Alder Stereochemistry
16.08: Diene Polymers - Natural and Synthetic Rubbers
16.09: Structure Determination in Conjugated Systems - Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
16.10: Interpreting Ultraviolet Spectra - The Effect of Conjugation
16.11: Conjugation Color and the Chemistry of Vision
16.12: Additional Exercises
16.13: Solutions to Additional Exercises
17: Aromatic Compounds
17.01: Introduction- The Discovery of Benzene
17.02: The Structure and Properties of Benzene and its Derivatives
17.03: Resonance and the Molecular Orbitals of Benzene
17.04: The Molecular Orbital Picture of Cyclobutadiene
17.05: Aromaticity and Huckel's Rule
17.06: Aromatic Ions - a closer look
17.07: Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds - a closer look
17.08: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
17.09: Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds
17.10: Additional Exercises
17.11: Solutions to Additional Exercises
18: Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
18.01: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution (EAS)
18.02: Halogenation of Benzene (an EAS Reaction)
18.03: Nitration of Benzene (an EAS Reaction)
18.04: Sulfonation of Benzene (an EAS Reaction)
18.05: Alkylation and Acylation of Benzene - The Friedel-Crafts EAS Reactions
18.06: Substituent Effects on the EAS Reaction
18.07: Side-Chain Reactions of Benzene Derivatives
18.08: Synthetic Strategies for Di-substituted Benzenes
18.09: Trisubstituted Benzenes - Effects of Multiple Substituents
18.10: Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution - The Addition-Elimantion Mechanism
18.11: NAS Reactions - the Elimination-Addition (Benzyne) Mechanism
18.12: Reduction of Aromatic Compounds
18.13: Additional Exercises
18.14: Solutions to Additional Exercises
19: Ketones and Aldehydes
19.01: Carbonyl Compound Structure and Properties
19.02: Spectroscopy of Ketones and Aldehydes
19.03: Review of Ketone and Aldehyde Synthesis
19.04: 19.4 New Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones
19.05: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes
19.06: Nucleophilic Addition of Water (Hydration)
19.07: Nucleophilic Addition of Cyanide and Acetylide
19.08: Nucleophilic Addition of Grignards
19.09: Nucelophilic Addition of Amines (Imine and Enamine Formation)
19.10: Nucleophilic Addition of Hydrazine (Wolff-Kishner Reaction)
19.11: Nucelophilic Addition of Alcohols (Acetal Formation)
19.12: Acetals as Protecting Groups
19.13: Nucelophilic Addition of Phosphorus Ylides (The Wittig Reaction)
19.14: Oxidation of Aldehydes
19.15: Reductions of Ketones and Aldehydes
19.16: Additional Exercises
19.17: Solutions to Additional Exercises
20: Amines
20.01: Structure and Physical Properties of Amines
20.02: Basicity of Amines and Ammonium Salt Formation
20.03: Spectroscopy of Amines
20.04: Synthesis of Amines
20.05: Synthesis of Primary Amines
20.06: Reactions of Amines
20.07: Reactions of Arylamines
20.08: The Hofmann Elimination- Amines as Leaving Groups
20.09: Oxidation of Amines - The Cope Elimination
20.10: Sulfa Drugs - a closer look
20.11: Additional Exercises
20.12: Solutions to Additional Exercises
21: Carboxylic Acids
21.01: Structure and Properties of Carboxylic Acids and their Salts
21.02: Acidity of Carboxylic Acids
21.03: Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids
21.04: Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids
21.05: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids Overview
21.06: Condensation of Acids with Alcohols- The Fischer Esterification
21.07: Methyl Ester Synthesis Using Diazomethane
21.08: Condensation of Acids with Amines
21.09: Reduction of Carboxylic Acids
21.10: Biochemically Interesting Carboxylic Acids
21.11: Additional Exercises
21.12: Solutions to Additional Exercises
22: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nitriles
22.01: Structure and Physical Properties of Acid Derivatives
22.02: Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
22.03: Interconversion of Acid Derivatives by Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
22.04: Acid Halide Chemistry
22.05: Acid Anhydride Chemistry
22.06: Ester Chemistry
22.07: Amide Chemistry
22.08: Nitrile Chemistry
22.09: Thioesters- Biological Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
22.10: Polyamides and Polyesters- Step-Growth Polymers
22.11: Beta-Lactams- An Application
22.12: Biological Acylation Reactions
22.13: Additional Exercises
22.14: Solutions to Additional Exercises
23: Alpha Substitutions and Condensations of Carbonyl Compounds
23.01: Relative Acidity of alpha-Hydrogens
23.02: Enols Enolate Ions and Tautomerization
23.03: Reaction Overview
23.04: Alpha Halogenation of Carbonyls
23.05: Bromination of Acids- The HVZ Reaction
23.06: Alkylation of the alpha-Carbon via the LDA pathway
23.07: Alkylation of the Alpha-Carbon via the Enamine Pathway
23.08: The Aldol Reaction and Condensation of Ketones and Aldehydes
23.09: The Claisen Condensation Reactions of Esters
23.10: Conjugate Additions- The Michael Reaction
23.11: Decarboxylation Reactions
23.12: Additional Exercises
23.13: Solutions to Additional Exercises
24: Carbohydrates
24.01: Introduction
24.02: Classification of Carbohydrates
24.03: Fischer Projections
24.04: D and L Sugars
24.05: Configuration of Aldoses
24.06: Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides
24.07: Reactions of Monosaccharides
24.08: Disaccharides and Glycosidic Bonds
24.09: Polysaccharides
24.10: Other Important Carbohydrates
24.11: Cell Surface Carbohydrates and Influenza Viruses
25: Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins
25.01: Introduction
25.02: Structure and Stereochemistry of the Amino Acids
25.03: Isoelectric Points and Electrophoresis
25.04: Synthesis of Amino Acids
25.05: Peptides and Proteins
25.06: Amino Acid Analysis of Peptides
25.07: Peptide Sequencing- The Edman Degradation
25.08: Peptide Synthesis
25.09: Automated Peptide Synthesis- The Merrifield Solid-Phase Technique
25.10: Levels of Protein Structure
25.11: Enzymes and Coenzymes
25.12: How do enzymes work
26: Lipids
26.01: Introduction
26.02: Waxes Fats and Oils
26.03: Saponification of Fats and Oils Soaps and Detergents
26.04: Phospholipids
26.05: Prostaglandins and other Eicosanoids
26.06: Terpenes and Terpenoids
26.07: Steroids
26.08: Biosynthesis of Steroids
27: Nucleic Acids
27.01: Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
27.02: DNA Base Pairs
27.03: DNA Replication
27.04: Transcription of DNA
27.05: Translation of RNA- Protein Biosynthesis
27.06: DNA Sequencing
27.07: Polymerase Chain Reactions