Nguồn ngoài

Organic Chemistry with a Biological Emphasis (SUNY Oneonta)

Chemistry

Tác giả: Jacqueline Bennett
Nhà xuất bản: SUNY Oneonta
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

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Mục lục· 194 mục

01: Introduction to Organic Structure and Bonding I
1.01: Prelude to Atoms Electron Configurations and Lewis Structures
1.02: Drawing Organic Structures
1.03: Functional groups and organic nomenclature
1.04: Structures of some important biomolecules
1.4.01: Introduction to Amino Acids and Proteins
1.4.02: Introduction to carbohydrate structure
1.4.03: Introduction to Lipid Structure
1.4.04: Introduction to nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) structure
1.05: Solutions to Chapter 1 Exercises
1.E: Problems for Chapter 1
1.01: Solutions to selected Chapter 1 problems
02: Introduction to Organic Structure and Bonding II
2.01: Prelude to Organic Structure and Bonding II
2.02: Valence Bond Theory
2.03: Molecular orbital theory- conjugation and aromaticity
2.04: Resonance
2.05: Non-covalent interactions
2.06: Physical properties of organic compounds
2.07: Solutions to Chapter 2 exercises
2.P: Problems for Chapter 2
1.01: Solutions to selected chapter 2 problems
03: Conformations and Stereochemistry
3.01: Prelude to Conformations and Stereochemistry
3.02: Conformations of open-chain organic molecules
3.03: Conformations of cyclic organic molecules
3.04: Chirality and stereoisomers
3.05: Naming chiral centers- the R and S system
3.06: Optical Activity
3.07: Compounds with multiple chiral centers
3.08: Meso Compounds
3.09: Fischer and Haworth projections
3.10: Stereochemistry of alkenes
3.11: Stereochemistry in biology and medicine
3.12: Prochirality
3.13: Solutions to Chapter 3 exercises
3.P: Problems for Chapter 3
04: Structure Determination I- UV-Vis and Infrared Spectroscopy Mass Spectrometry
4.01: Prelude to Structure Determination I
4.02: Introduction to molecular spectroscopy
4.03: Mass Spectrometry
4.04: Infrared spectroscopy
4.05: Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy
4.P: Problems for Chapter 4
05: Structure Determination II - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
5.01: Prelude to Structure Determination
5.02: The Origin of the NMR Signal
5.03: Chemical Equivalence
5.04: The 1H-NMR experiment
5.05: The Basis for Differences in Chemical Shift
5.06: Spin-Spin Coupling
5.07: 13C-NMR Spectroscopy
5.08: Solving Unknown Structures
5.09: Complex Coupling in Proton Spectra
5.10: Other Applications of NMR
5.E: Structure Determination (Exercises)
5.S: Structure Determination (Summary)
06: Overview of Organic Reactivity
6.01: Prelude to Organic Reactivity
6.02: A First Look at Some Organic Reaction Mechanism
6.03: A Quick Review of Thermodynamics and Kinetics
6.04: Catalysis
6.05: Comparing Biological Reactions to Laboratory Reactions
6.E: Overview of Organic Reactivity (Exercises)
6.S: Overview of Organic Reactivity (Summary)
07: Acid-base Reactions
7.01: Prelude to Acid-base Reactions
7.02: Overview of Acid-Base Reactions
7.03: The Acidity Constant
7.04: Structural Effects on Acidity and Basicity
7.05: Acid-base Properties of Phenols
7.06: Acid-base properties of nitrogen-containing functional groups
7.07: Carbon Acids
7.08: Polyprotic Acids
7.09: Effects of enzyme microenvironment on acidity and basicity
7.E: Acid-base Reactions (Exercises)
7.S: Acid-base Reactions (Summary)
08: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
8.01: Prelude to Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
8.02: Two Mechanistic Models for Nucleophilic Substitution
8.03: Nucleophiles
8.04: Electrophiles
8.05: Leaving Groups
8.06: Regiochemistry of SN1 Reactions with Allylic Electrophiles
8.07: SN1 or SN2 Predicting the Mechanism
8.08: Biological Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
8.09: Nucleophilic substitution in the Lab
8.E: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions (Exercises)
8.S: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions (Summary)
09: Phosphate Transfer Reactions
9.01: Prelude to Phosphate Transfer Reactions
9.02: Overview of Phosphate Groups
9.03: Phosphate Transfer Reactions - An Overview
9.04: ATP The Principal Phosphate Group Donor
9.05: Phosphorylation of Alcohols
9.06: Phosphorylation of Carboxylates
9.07: Hydrolysis of Organic Phosphates
9.08: Phosphate Diesters in DNA and RNA
9.09: The Organic Chemistry of Genetic Engineering
9.10: NMR of phosphorylated compounds
9.E: Phosphate Transfer Reactions (Exercise)
9.S: Phosphate Transfer Reactions (Summary)
10: Nucleophilic Carbonyl Addition Reactions
10.01: Prelude to Nucleophilic Carbonyl Addition Reactions
10.02: Nucleophilic Additions to Aldehydes and Ketones - An Overview
10.03: Hemiacetals Hemiketals and Hydrates
10.04: Acetals and Ketals
10.05: N-glycosidic Bonds
10.06: Imines
10.07: A Look Ahead - Addition of Carbon and Hydride Nucleophiles to Carbonyls
10.E: Nucleophilic Carbonyl Addition Reactions (Exercises)
10.S: Nucleophilic Carbonyl Addition Reactions (Summary)
11: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions
11.01: Prelude to Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions
11.02: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
11.03: The Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Mechanism
11.04: Acyl Phosphates
11.05: The Relative Reactivity of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
11.06: Acyl Phosphates
11.07: Hydrolysis of Thioesters Esters and Amides
11.08: Protein Synthesis on the Ribosome
11.09: Nucleophilic Substitution at Activated Amides and Carbamides
11.10: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions in the Laboratory
11.11: A Look Ahead - Acyl Substitution Reactions with a Carbanion or Hydride Ion Nucleophile
11.E: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions (Exercises)
11.S: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions (Summary)
12: Reactions at the -Carbon Part I
12.01: Prelude to Reactions at the -carbon part I
12.02: Review of Acidity at the -Carbon
12.03: Isomerization at the -Carbon
12.04: Aldol Addition
12.05: -Carbon Reactions in the Synthesis Lab - Kinetic vs. Thermodynamic Alkylation Products
12.E: Reactions at the -Carbon Part I (Exercises)
12.S: Reactions at the -Carbon Part I (Summary)
13: Reactions at the -Carbon Part II
13.01: Prelude to Reactions at the -Carbon Part II
13.02: Decarboxylation
13.03: An Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism
13.04: Claisen Condensation
13.05: Conjugate Addition and Elimination
13.06: Carboxylation
13.E: Reactions at the -Carbon Part II (Exercises)
13.S: Reactions at the -Carbon Part II (Summary)
14: INTERCHAPTER- Retrosynthetic analysis and metabolic pathway prediction
14.01: Pathway prediction practice problems
15: Electrophilic Reactions
15.01: Prelude to Electrophilic Reactions
15.02: Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes
15.03: Elimination by the E1 Mechanism
15.04: Electrophilic Isomerization
15.05: Electrophilic Substitution
15.06: Carbocation Rearrangements
15.E: Electrophilic Reactions (Exercises)
15.S: Electrophilic Reactions (Summary)
16: Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
16.01: Prelude to Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
16.02: Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Compounds - An Overview
16.03: Oxidation and Reduction in the Context of Metabolism
16.04: Hydrogenation of Carbonyl and Imine Groups
16.05: Hydrogenation of alkenes and Dehydrogenation of Alkanes
16.06: Monitoring Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation Reactions by UV Spectroscopy
16.07: Redox Reactions of Thiols and Disulfides
16.08: Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase Reactions - Hydroxylation Epoxidation and the Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation
16.09: Hydrogen Peroxide is a Harmful - Reactive Oxygen Species
16.E: Oxidation and Reduction Reactions (Exercises)
16.S: Oxidation and Reduction Reactions (Summary)
17: Radical Reactions
17.01: Prelude to Radical Reactions
17.02: Overview of Single-Electron Reactions and Free Radicals
17.03: Radical Chain Reactions
17.04: Useful Polymers formed by Radical Chain Reactions
17.05: Destruction of the Ozone Layer by a Radical Chain Reaction
17.06: Oxidative Damage to cells Vitamin C and Scurvy
17.07: Flavin as a One-Electron Carrier
17.E: Radical Reactions (Exercises)
18: The Organic Chemistry of Vitamins
18.01: Prelude to the Organic Chemistry of Vitamins
18.02: Pyridoxal Phosphate (Vitamin B6)
18.03: Thiamine Diphosphate (Vitamin B1)
18.04: Thiamine Diphosphate Lipoamide and the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Reaction
18.05: Folate
18.E: The Organic Chemistry of Vitamins (Exercises)
18.S: The Oganic Chemistry of Vitamins (Summary)
19: Appendix I- Index of enzymatic reactions by pathway
19.01: Amino acid biosynthesis
19.02: Amino acid catabolism
19.03: Citric Acid Cycle
19.04: Fatty acid metabolism
19.05: Glycolysis Gluconeogenesis Fermentation
19.06: Isoprenoid biosynthesis
19.07: Nucleoside biosynthesis
19.08: Nucleotide catabolism
19.09: Pentose Phosphate Pathway Calvin Cycle
20: Appendix II- Review of laboratory synthesis reactions