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Inorganic Chemistry

Inorganic chemistry deals with the synthesis and behavior ofinorganic and organometallic compounds. This field covers all chemical compounds except the myriad organic compounds (carbon based compounds, usually containing C-H bonds), which are the subjects of organic chemistry.

Inorganic Chemistry Chemistry

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01: Basic Concepts- Atoms
1.01: Introduction
1.02: Fundamental Particles of an Atom
1.03: Atomic Number Mass Number and Isotopes
1.3A: Nuclides Atomic Number and Mass Number
1.3B: Relative Atomic Mass
1.3C: Isotopes
1.04: Successes in Early Quantum Theory
1.4A: Some Important Successes of Classical Quantum Theory
1.4B: Bohr's Theory of the Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
1.05: An Introduction to Wave Mechanics
1.5A: Wave Mechanics of Electrons
1.5B: The Uncertainty Principle
1.5C: The Schrodinger Wave Equation
1.06: Atomic Orbitals
1.6A: Electronic Quantum Numbers
1.6B: The Radial Part of the Wave Function
1.6C: The Radial Distribution Function
1.6D: The Angular Part of the Wave Function
1.6E: Orbital Energies in a Hydrogen-like Species
1.6F: Size of Orbitals
1.6G: The Spin and Magnetic Spin Quantum Number's
1.6H: The ground state of Hydrogen
1.07: Many Electron Atoms
1.7A: The Helium Atom - Two Electrons
1.7B: Ground State Electronic Configurations - Experimental Data
1.7C: Penetration and Shielding
1.08: The Periodic Table
1.09: The Aufbau Principle
1.9A: Ground State Electronic Configurations
1.9B: Valence and Core Electrons
1.9C: Diagrammatic Representations of Electronic Configurations
1.10: Ionization Energies and Electron Affinities
02: Basic Concepts- Molecules
2.01: Bonding Models - An Introduction
2.1A: A Historical Overview
2.1B: Lewis Structures
2.02: Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules - Valence Bond Theory
2.2A: Uses of the term Homonuclear
2.2B: Covalent Bond Distance Covalent Radius and van der Waals radius
2.2C: Valence Bond model of Bonding in (H 2)
2.2D: Valence Bond model of bonding in (F 2) (O 2) and (N 2)
2.03: Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules - Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory
2.3A: An Overview of the MO Model
2.3b: MO theory of bonding in H
2.3C: MO Applied to (He 2) (Li 2) and (Be 2)
2.3D: MO Applied to (F 2) and (O 2)
2.3E: What happens if s-p separation is small
2.04: The Octet Rule and Isoelectronic Species
2.4.D: Periodic Trends
2.4A: The Octet Rule - First Row p-block Elements
2.4B: Isoelectronic Molecules
2.4C: The Octet Rule - Heavier p-block Elements
2.05: Electronegativity Values
2.5A: Pauling Electronegativity Values
2.5B: Mulliken Electronegativity Values
2.5C: Allred-Rochow Electronegativity Values
2.5D: Electronegativity - final comments
2.06: Dipole Moments
2.6A: Polar Diatomic Molecules
2.6B: Molecular Dipole Moments
2.07: MO Theory - Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
2.7A: MO Theory- Orbital Interactions
2.7B: Hydrogen Fluoride
2.7C: Carbon Monoxide
2.08: Molecular Shape and the VSEPR Model
2.8A: Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Model
2.8B: Structures Derived from a Trigonal Bipyramid
2.8C: Limitations of the VSEPR Model
2.09: Molecular Shape - Stereoisomerism
2.9.01: Trigonal Bipyramidal Species
2.9.02: Trigonal Bipyramidal Structures
2.9A: Square Planar Species
2.9B: Octahedral Species
2.9D: High Coordination Numbers
2.9E: Double Bonds
03: Introduction to Molecular Symmetry
3.01: Introduction
3.02: Symmetry Operations and Elements
3.03: Successive Operations
3.04: Point Groups
3.05: Character Tables - An Introduction
3.06: Significance of Recognizing Symmetry Elements
3.07: Vibrational Spectroscopy
3.7A: Vibrational Spectroscopy
3.7C: Vibrational Spectroscopy of Linear and Bent triatomic Molecules
3.08: Chiral Molecules
04: Experimental Techniques
4.01: Introduction
4.02: Separation and Purification Techniques
4.2A: Gas Chromatography (GC)
4.2B: Liquid Chromatography (LC)
4.2C: High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
4.2D: Recrystallization
4.03: Elemental Analysis
4.3A: CHN Analysis by Combustion
4.3B: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
4.04: Computational Analysis - Thermogravimetry (TG)
4.05: Mass Spectrometry
4.5A: Electron Ionization (EI)
4.5B: Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB)
4.5C: Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF)
4.5D: Electrospray Ionization (ESI)
4.06: Infrared and Raman Spectroscopies
4.6A: Energies and Wavenumbers of Molecular Vibrations
4.6B: The Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometer and Sample Preparation
4.6C: Diagnostic Absorptions
4.6D: Deuterium Hydrogen Exchange
4.6E: Raman Spectroscopy
4.07: Electronic Spectroscopy
4.7A: UV-VIS Absorption Spectroscopy
4.7B: Types of Absorption
4.7C: Absorbance and the Beer-Lambert Law
4.7D: Emission Spectroscopy
4.08: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
4.8A: NMR Active Nuclei and Isotope Abundance
4.8B: Which Nuclei are Suitable for NMR Spectroscopic Studies
4.8C: Resonance Frequencies and Chemical Shifts
4.8D: Chemical Shift Ranges
4.8E: Solvents for Solution Studies
4.8F: Integration of Signals and Signal Broadening
4.8G: Homonuclear spin-spin coupling - (1H-1H)
4.8H: Heteronuclear spin-spin coupling - (13C-1H)
4.8I: Case Studies
4.8J: Stereochemically Non-Rigid Species
4.8K: Exchange Processes in Solution
4.09: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy
4.9A: What is EPR Spectroscopy
4.9B: The Zeeman Electronic Effect
4.9C: EPR Spectra
4.10: Mossbauer Spectroscopy
4.10A: The Technique of Mossbauer Spectroscopy
4.10B: What Can Isomer Shift Data Tell Us
4.11: Structure Determination - Diffraction Methods
4.11A: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
4.11B: Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction
4.11C: Powder X-Ray Diffraction
4.11D: Single Crystal Neutron Diffraction
4.11E: Electron Diffraction
4.11F: Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED)
4.11G: Structural Databases
4.12: Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES UPS XPS ESCA)
4.13: Computational Methods
4.13A: Hartree-Fock Theory
4.13B: Density Functional Theory
4.13C: Huckel MO Theory
4.13D: Molecular Mechanisms (MM)
4.14: Magnetism
4.14.01: example magnetic moment data and their interpretation
4.14.02: Magnetic Moments
4.14.03: Magnetic Moments 1
4.14.04: Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements
4.14.05: Magnetism
05: Bonding in Polyatomic Molecules
5.01: Introduction
5.02: Valence Bond Theory - Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
5.2A: What is Orbital Hybridization
5.2B: sp Hybridization
5.2C: sp² Hybridization
5.2D: sp3 Hybridization
5.2E: Other Hybridization Schemes
5.03: Valence Bond Theory - Multiple Bonding in Polyatomic Molecules
5.3A: Introduction
5.3B: (C 2H 4)
5.3C: (HCN)
5.3D: (BF 3)
5.04: MO Theory - The Ligand Group Orbital (LGO) Approach and Application to Triatomic Molecules
5.4A: MO Diagrams - Moving from Diatomic to Polyatomic Species
5.4B: MO Approach to Bonding in Linear (XH 2) - Symmetry Matching by Inspection
5.4C: MO Approach to Bonding in Linear (XH 2) - Working from Molecular Symmetry
5.4D: A Bent Triatomic - (H 2 O)
5.05: MO Theory Applied to Polyatomic Molecules (BH 3) (NH 3) and (CH 4)
5.5A: (BH 3)
5.5B: (NH 3)
5.5C: (CH 4)
5.5D: A Comparison of MO and VB Bonding Models
5.06: MO Theory - Bonding Analyses Soon Become Complicated
5.07: MO Theory - Learning to Use the Theory Objectively
5.7A: (pi )-Bonding in (CO 2)
5.7B: (NO 3-)
5.7C: (SF 6)
5.7D: Three-Center Two-Electron Interactions
5.7E: A More Advanced Problem - (B 2 H 6)
06: Structures and Energetics of Metallic and Ionic solids
6.01: Introduction
6.02: Packing of Spheres
6.2A: Cubic and Hexagonal Closed Packing
6.2B: The Unit Cell of HPC and CCP
1.01: The Unit Cell
6.2C: Interstitial Holes in HCP and CCP
6.2D: Non-closed Packing- Simple Cubic and Body Centered Cubic
6.03: The Packing of Spheres Model Applied to the Structures of Elements
6.3A: Group 18 Elements in the Solid State
6.3B: H and F Solids
6.3C: Solid Metallic Elements
6.04: Polymorphism in Metals
6.4A: Polymorphism - Phase Changes in the Solid State
6.4B: Phase Diagrams
6.05: Metallic Radii
6.06: Melting Points and Standard Enthalpies of Atomization of Metals
6.07: Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds
6.7A: Substitutional Alloys
6.7B: Interstitial Alloys
6.7C: Intermetallic Compounds
6.08: Bonding in Metals and Semicondoctors
6.8A: Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity
6.8B: Band Theory of Metals and Insulators
6.8C: The Fermi Level
6.8D: Band Theory of Semiconductors
6.09: Semiconductors
6.9A: Intrinsic Semiconductors
6.9B: Extrinsic (n-type and p-type) Semiconductors
6.10: Size of Ions
6.10A: Ionic Radii
6.10B: Periodic Trends in Ionic Radii
6.11: Ionic Lattices
6.11A: Structure - Rock Salt (NaCl)
6.11B: Structure - Caesium Chloride (CsCl)
6.11C: Structure - Fluorite (CaF)
6.11D: Structure - Antifluorite
6.11E: Structure - Zinc Blende (ZnS)
6.11F: Structure - -Cristobalite (SiO)
6.11H: Structure - Rutile (TiO)
6.11I: Structure - Layers ((CdI 2) and (CdCl 2))
6.11J: Structure - Perovskite ((CaTiO 3))
6.12: Crystal Structure of Semiconductors
6.13: Lattice Energy - Estimates from an Electrostatic Model
6.13A: Coulombic Attraction Within an Isolated Ion-Pair
6.13B: Coulombic Interactions in an Ionic Lattice
6.13C: Born Forces
6.13D: The Born-Lande Equation
6.13E: Madelung Constants
6.13F: Refinements to the Born-Lande Equation
6.13G: Overview
6.14: Lattice Energy - The Born-Haber Cycle
6.15: Lattice Energy - Calculated vs. Experimental Values
6.16: Application of Lattice Energies
6.16A: Estimation of Electron Affinities
6.16B: Fluoride Affinities
6.16C: Estimation of Standard Enthalpies of Formation and Disproportionation
6.16D: The Kapustinskii Equation
6.17: Defects in Solid State Lattices
6.17.E: Defects in Solid State Lattices (Exercises)
6.17A: Schottky Defect
6.17B: Frenkel Defect
6.17C: Experimental Observations of Schottky and Frenkel Defects
6.17D: Non-Stoichiometric Compounds
6.17E: Color Centers (F-Centers)
6.17F: Thermodynamic Effects of Crystal Defects
07: Acids bases and ions in aqueous solution
7.01: Introduction
7.1A: Acid-Base Theories and Concepts
7.02: Properties of Water
7.2A: Structure and Hydrogen Bonding
7.2B: The Self Ionization of Water
7.2C: Water as a Brnstead Acid or Base
7.03: Definitions and Units in Aqueous Solution
7.3A: Molarity and Molality
7.3B: Standard State
7.3C: Activity
7.04: Some Bronstead Acids and Bases
7.4A: Carboxylic Acids - Examples of Mono- Di- and Polybasic Acids
7.4B: Inorganic Acids
7.4C: Inorganic Bases - Hydroxides
7.4D: Inorganic Bases - Nitrogen Bases
7.05: The Energetics of Acid Dissociation in Aqueous Solution
7.5A: Hydrogen Halides
7.5B: (H 2S) (H 2Se) and (H 2Te)
7.06: Trends within a Series of Oxoacids (EO n(OH) m)
7.07: Aquated Cations - Formation and Acidic Properties
7.7A: Water as a Lewis Base
7.7B: Aquated Cations as Bronstead Acids
7.08: Amphoteric Oxides and Hydroxides
7.8A: Amphoteric Behavior
7.8B: Periodic Trends in Amphoteric Properties
7.09: Solubilities of Ionic Salts
7.9A: Solubility and Saturated Solutions
7.9B: Sparingly Soluble Salts and Solubility Products
7.9C: The Energetics of the Dissolution of an Ionic Salt - (Delta sol Gcirc)
7.9D: The Energetics of the Dissolution of an Ionic Salt - Hydration of Ions
7.9E: Soubilities - Some Concluding Remarks
7.10: Common-Ion Effect
7.11: Coordination Complexes - An Introduction
7.11A: Definitions and Terminology
7.11B: Investigating Coordination Complex Formation
7.12: Stability Constants of Coordination Complexes
7.12A: Determination of Stability Constants
7.12B: Trends in Stepwise Stability Constants
7.12C: Thermodynamic Considerations of Complex Formation - An Introduction
7.13: Factors Affecting the Stabilities of Complexes Containing Only Monodentate Ligands
7.13A: Ionic Size and Charge
7.13B: Hard and Soft Metal Centers and Ligands
08: Reduction and Oxidation
8.01: Introduction
8.1A: Oxidation and Reduction
8.1B: Oxidation States
8.1C: Stock Nomenclature
8.02: Standard Reduction Potentials E and the Relationship Between E G and K
8.2A: Half-Cells and Galvanic Cells
8.2B: Defining and Using Standard Reduction Potentials - E
8.2C: Dependence of Reduction Potentials on Cell Conditions
8.03: The Effect of Complex Formation or Precipitation on Reduction Potentials
8.3A: Half-Cells Involving Silver Halides
8.3B: Modifying the Relative Stabilities of Different Oxidation States of a Metal
8.04: Disproportionation Reactions
8.4A: Disproportionation
8.4B: Stabilizing Species Against Disproportionation
8.05: Potential Diagrams
8.06: Frost-Ebsworth Diagrams
8.6A: Frost-Ebsworth Diagrams and their Relationship to Potential Diagrams
8.6B: Interpretation of Frost-Ebsworth Diagrams
8.07: The Relationships Between Standard Reduction Potentials and Some Other Quantities
8.7A: Factors Influencing the Magnitudes of Standard Reduction Potentials
8.7B: Values of (Delta f Gcirc) for Aqueous Ions
8.08: Applications of Redox Reactions to the Extraction of Elements from their Ores
8.8A: Ellingham Diagrams
09: Non-aqueous Media
9.01: Introduction to Non-aqueous Media
9.02: Relative Permittivity
9.03: Energetics of Ionic Salt Transfer from Water to an Organic Solvent
9.04: Acid-Base Behaviour in Non-Aqueous Solvents
9.4A: Strengths of Acids and Bases
9.4B: Levelling and Differentiating Effects
9.4C: 'Acids' in Acidic Solvents
9.4D: Acids and Bases - A Solvent-Oriented Definition
9.4E: Protic and Aprotic Solvents
9.05: Liquid Sulfur Dioxide
9.06: Liquid Ammonia
9.6A: Physical Properties
9.6B: Self-Ionization of Ammonia
9.6C: Reactions in Liquid NH
9.6D: Solutions of s-block Metals in Liquid NH
9.6E: Redox Reactions in Liquid NH
9.07: Liquid Hydrogen Fluoride
9.7A: Physical Properties
9.7B: Acid-Base Behavior in Liquid HF
9.7C: Electrolysis in Liquid HF
9.08: Sulfuric Acid and Fluorosulfonic Acid
9.8A: Physical Properties of Sulfuric Acid
9.8B: Acid-Base Behaviour in Liquid (H 2 SO 4)
9.8C: Physical Properties of Fluorosulfonic Acid
9.09: Superacids
9.10: Bromine Trifluoride
9.10A: Physical Properties
9.10B: Fluoride Salts and Molecular Fluorides in BrF
9.10C: Reactions in BrF
9.11: Dinitrogen Tetraoxide
9.11A: Physical Properties of NO
9.11B: Reactions in NO
9.12: Ionic Liquids
9.12A: Molten Salt Solvent Systems
9.12B: Ionic Liquids at Ambient Temperatures
9.13: Supercritical Fluids
9.13A: Properties of Supercritical Fluids and Their Uses as Solvents
9.13B: Supercritical Fluids as Media for Inorganic Chemistry
10: Hydrogen
10.01: Hydrogen - The Simplest Atom
10.02: The (H) and (H-) Ions
10.2A: The Hydrogen Ion (Proton)
10.2B: The Hydride Ion
10.03: Isotopes of Hydrogen
10.3A: Protium and Deuterium
10.3B: Kinetic Isotope Effects
10.3C: Deuterated Compounds
10.3D: Tritium
10.04: Dihydrogen
10.4A: Occurence
10.4B: Physical Properties
10.4C: Synthesis and Uses
10.4D: Reactivity
10.05: Polar and Non-Polar E-H Bonds
10.06: Hydrogen Bonding
10.6A: The Hydrogen Bond
10.6B: Trends in Boiling Points Melting Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization for p-block Binary Hydrides
10.6C: Infrared Spectroscopy
10.6D: Solid State Structures
10.6E: Hydrogen Bonding in Biological Systems
10.07: Binary Hydrides - Classification and General Properties
10.7A: Classification
10.7B: Metallic Hydrides
10.7C: Saline Hydrides
10.7D: Molecular Hydrides and Complexes Derived from them
10.7E: Covalent Hydrides with Extended Structures
11: Group 1 - Alkali Metals
11.01: Introduction
11.02: Occurence Extraction and Uses
11.2A: Occurence
11.2B: Extraction
11.2C: Major Uses of the Alkali Metals and their Compounds
11.03: Physical Properties
11.3A: General Properties
11.3B: Atomic Spectra and Flame Tests
11.3C: Radioactive Isotopes
11.3D: NMR Active Nuclei
11.04: The Metals
11.4A: Appearance
11.4B: Reactivity
11.05: Halides
11.06: Oxides and Hydroxides
11.6A: Oxides Peroxides Superoxides Suboxides and Ozonides
11.6B: Hydroxides
11.07: Salts of Oxoacids - Carbonates and Hydrogencarbonates
11.08: Aqueous Solution Chemistry and Macrocyclic Complexes
11.8A: Hydrated Ions
11.8B: Complex Ions
11.09: Non-Aqueous Coordination Chemistry
12: Goup 2- Alkaline Earth Metals
12.01: Introduction
12.02: Occurence Extraction and Uses
12.2A: Occurrence
12.2B: Extraction
12.2C: Major Uses of Group 2 Metals and their Compounds
12.03: Physical Properties
12.3A: General Properties
12.3B: Flame Tests
12.3C: Radioactive Isotopes
12.04: The Metals
12.4A: Appearance
12.4B: Reactivity
12.05: Halides
12.5A: Beryllium Halides
12.5B: Halides of Mg Ca Sr and Ba
12.06: Oxides and Hydroxides
12.6A: Oxides and Peroxides
12.6B: Hydroxides
12.07: Salts of Oxoacids
12.08: Complex Ions in Aqueous Solution
12.8A: Aqua Species of Beryllium
12.8B: Aqua Species of (Mg2) (Ca2) (Sr2) and (Ba2)
12.8C: Complexes with Ligands other than Water
12.09: Complexes with Amido or Alkoxy Ligands
12.10: Diagonal Relationships between Li and Mg and between Be and Al
12.10A: Lithium and Magnesium
12.10B: Beryllium and Aluminium
13: The Group 13 Elements
13.01: Introduction to Group 13 Elements
13.02: Occurence Extraction and Uses
13.2A: Occurrence
13.2B: Extraction
13.2C: Major Uses of the Group 13 Elements and their Compounds
13.03: Physical Properties
13.3A: Electronic Configurations and Oxidation States
13.3B: NMR Active Nuclei
13.04: The Elements
13.4A: Appearance
13.4B: Structures of the Elements
13.4C: Reactivity
13.05: Simple Hydrides
13.5A: Neutral Hydrides
13.5B: The (MH 4-) Ions
13.06: Halides and Complex Halides
13.6A: Boron Halides - (BX 3) and (B 2X 4)
13.6B: Al(III) Ga(III) In(III) and Tl(III) Halides and their Complexes
13.6C: Lower Oxidation State Al Ga In and Tl Halides
13.07: Oxides Oxoacids Oxoanions and Hydroxides
13.7A: Boron Oxides Oxoacids and Oxoanions
13.7B: Aluminium Oxides Oxoacids Oxoanions and Hydroxides
13.7C: Oxides of Ga In and Tl
13.08: Compounds Containing Nitrogen
13.8A: Nitrides
13.8B: Ternary Boron Nitrides
13.8C: Molecular Species Containing B-N or B-P Bonds
13.8D: Molecular Species Containing Group 13 Metal-Nitrogen Bonds
13.09: Aluminium to Thallium - Salts of Oxoacids Aqueous Solution Chemistry and Complexes
13.9A: Aluminium Sulfate and Alums
13.9B: Aqua Ions
13.9C: Redox Reactions in Aqueous Solution
13.9D: Coordination Complexes of the M Ions
13.10: Metal Borides
13.11: Electron-Deficient Borane and Carbaborane Clusters - An Introduction
14: The Group 14 Elements
14.01: Introduction
14.02: Occurence Extraction and Uses
14.2A: Occurrence
14.2B: Extraction and Manufacture
14.2C: Uses
14.03: Physical Properties
14.3A: Ionization Energies and Cation Formation
14.3B: Some Energetic and Bonding Considerations
14.3C: NMR Active Nuclei
14.3D: Mossbauer Spectroscopy
14.04: Allotropes of Carbon
14.4A: Graphite and Diamond - Structure and Properties
14.4B: Graphite - Intercalation Compounds
14.4C: Fullerenes - Synthesis and Structure
14.4D: Fullerenes - Reactivity
14.4E: Carbon Nanotubes
14.05: Structural and Chemical Properties of Silicon Germanium Tin and Lead
14.5A: Structures
14.5B: Chemical Properties
14.06: Hydrides
14.6A: Binary Hydrides
14.6B: Halohydrides of Silicon and Germanium
14.07: Carbides Silicides Germides Stannides and Plumbides
14.7A: Carbides
14.7B: Silicides
14.7C: Zintl Ions Containing Si Ge Sn and Pb
14.08: Halides and Complex Halides
14.8A: Carbon Halides
14.8B: Silicon Halides
14.8C: Halides of Germanium Tin and Lead
14.09: Oxides Oxoacids and Hydroxides
14.9A: Oxides and Oxoacids of Carbon
14.9B: Silica Silicates and Aluminosilicates
14.9C: Oxides Hydroxides and Oxoacids of Germanium Tin and Lead
14.10: Siloxanes and Polysiloxanes (Silicones)
14.11: Sulfides
14.12: Cyanogen Silicon Nitride and Tin Nitride
14.12A: Cyanogen and its Derivatives
14.12B: Silicon Nitride
14.12C: Tin(IV) Nitride
14.13: Aqueous Solution Chemistry and Salts of Oxoacids of Germanium Tin and Lead
15: The Group 15 Elements
15.01: Introduction
15.02: Occurence Extraction and Uses
15.2A: Occurrence
15.2B: Extraction
15.2C: Uses
15.03: Physical Properties
15.3A: Bonding Considerations
15.3B: NMR Active Nuclei
15.3C: Radioactive Isotopes
15.04: The Elements
15.4A: Nitrogen
15.4B: Phosphorus
15.4C: Arsenic Antimony and Bismuth
15.05: Hydrides
15.5A: Trihydrides (EH 3) (E N P As Sb and Bi)
15.5B: Hydrides (E 2H 4) (E N P As)
15.5C: Chloramine and Hydroxylamine
15.5D: Hydrogen Azide and Azide Salts
15.06: Nitrides Phosphides Arsenides Antimonides and Bismuthides
15.6A: Nitrides
15.6B: Phosphides
15.6C: Arsenides Antimonides and Bismuthides
15.07: Halides Oxohalides and Complex Halides
15.7A: Nitrogen Halides
15.7B: Oxofluorides and Oxochlorides of Nitrogen
15.7C: Phosphorus Halides
15.7D: Phosphoryl Trichloride (POCl 3)
15.7E: Arsenic and Antimony Halides
15.7F: Bismuth Halides
15.08: Oxides of Nitrogen
15.8A: Dinitrogen Monoxide (N 2O)
15.8B: Nitrogen Monoxide (NO)
15.8C: Dinitrogen Trioxide (N 2O 3)
15.8D: Dinitrogen Tetraoxide (N 2O 4) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2)
15.8E: Dinitrogen Pentaoxide (N 2O 5)
15.09: Oxoacids of Nitrogen
15.9A: Isomers of (H 2N 2O 2)
15.9B: Nitrous Acid (HNO 2)
15.9C: Nitric Acid (HNO 3) and its Derivatives
15.10: Oxides of Phosphorous Arsenic Antimony and Bismuth
15.10A: Oxides of Phosphorous
15.10B: Oxides of Arsenic Antimony and Bismuth
15.11: Oxoacids of Phosphorous
15.11A: Phosphinic Acid (H 3PO 2)
15.11B: Phosphonic Acid (H 3PO 3)
15.11C: Hypodiphosphoric Acid (H 4P 2O 6)
15.11D: Phosphoric Acid (H 3PO 4) and its Derivatives
15.11E: Chiral Phosphate Anions
15.12: Oxoacids of Arsenic Antimony and Bismuth
15.13: Phosphazenes
15.14: Sulfides and Selenides
15.14A: Sulfides and Selenides of Phosphorous
15.14B: Arsenic Antimony and Bismuth Sulfides
15.15: Aqueous Solution Chemistry and Complexes
16: The Group 16 Elements
16.01: Introduction
16.02: Occurrence Extraction and Uses
16.2A: Occurrence
16.2B: Extraction
16.2C: Uses
16.03: Physical Properties and Bonding Considerations
16.3A: NMR Active Nuclei and Isotopes as Tracers
16.04: The Elements
16.4A: Dioxygen
16.4B: Ozone
16.4C: Sulfur - Allotropes
16.4D: Sulfur - Reactivity
16.4E: Selenium and Tellurium
16.05: Hydrides
16.5A: Water (H 2O)
16.5B: Hydrogen Peroxide (H 2O 2)
16.5C: Hydrides (H 2E) (E S Se Te)
16.5D: Polysulfanes
16.06: Metal Sulfides Polysulfides Polyselenides and Polytellurides
16.6A: Sulfides
16.6B: Polysulfides
16.6C: Polyselenides and Polytellurides
16.07: Halides Oxohalides and Complex Halides
16.7A: Oxygen Fluorides
16.7B: Sulfur Fluorides and Oxofluorides
16.7C: Sulfur Chlorides and Oxochlorides
16.7D: Halides of Selenium and Tellurium
16.08: Oxides
16.8A: Oxides of Sulfur
16.8B: Oxides of Selenium and Tellurium
16.09: Oxoacids and their Salts
16.9A: Dithionous Acid (H 2S 2O 4)
16.9B: Sulfurous and Disulfurous Acids (H 2SO 3) and (H 2S 2O 5)
16.9C: Dithionic Acid (H 2S 2O 6)
16.9D: Sulfuric Acid (H 2SO 4)
16.9E: Fluoro- and Chlorosulfonic Acids (HSO 3F) and (HSO 3Cl)
16.9F: Polyoxoacids with S-O-S Units
16.9G: Peroxysulfuric Acids (H 2S 2O 8) and (H 2SO 5)
16.9H: Thiosulfuric Acid (H 2S 2O 3) and Polythionates
16.9I: Oxoacids of Selenium and Tellurium
16.10: Compounds of Sulfur and Selenium with Nitrogen
16.10A: Sulfur-Nitrogen Compounds
16.10B: Tetraselenium Tetranitride
16.11: Aqueous Solution Chemistry of Sulfur Selenium and Tellurium
17: The Group 17 Elements
17.01: Introduction
17.02: Occurrence Extraction and Uses
17.2A: Occurrence
17.2B: Extraction
17.2C: Uses
17.03: Physical Properties and Bonding Considerations
17.3A: NMR Active Nuclei and Isotopes as Tracers
17.04: The Elements
17.4A: Difluorine
17.4B: Dichlorine Dibromine and Diiodine
17.4C: Charge Transfer Complexes
17.4D: Clathrates
17.05: Hydrogen Halides
17.06: Metal Halides - Structures and Energetics
17.07: Interhalogen Compounds and Polyhalogen Ions
17.7A: Interhalogen Compounds
17.7B: Bonding in (XY 2-) Ions
17.7C: Polyhalogen Cations
17.7D: Polyhalide Anions
17.08: Oxides and Oxofluorides of Chlorine Bromine and Iodine
17.8A: Oxides
17.8B: Oxofluorides
17.09: Oxoacids and their Salts
17.9A: Hypofluorous Acid HOF
17.9B: Oxoacids of Chlorine Bromine and Iodine
17.10: Aqueous Solution Chemistry
18: The Group 18 Elements
18.01: Introduction
18.02: Occurrence Extraction and Uses
18.2A: Occurrence
18.2B: Extraction
18.2C: Uses
18.03: Physical Properties
18.3A: NMR Active Nuclei
18.04: Compounds of Xenon
18.4A: Fluorides
18.4B: Chlorides
18.4C: Oxides
18.4D: Oxofluorides and Oxochlorides
18.4E: Other Compounds of Xenon
18.05: Compounds of Argon Krypton and Radon
18.06: Group 18 Elemental Solids
19: d-Block Metal Chemistry - General Considerations
19.01: Topic Overview
19.02: Ground State Electronic Configurations
19.2A: d-block Metals Versus Transition Elements
19.2B: Electronic Configurations
19.03: Physical Properties
19.04: The Reactivity of the Metals
19.05: Characteristic Properties - A General Perspective
19.5A: Color
19.5B: Paramagnetism
19.5C: Complex Formation
19.5D: Variable Oxidation States
19.06: Electroneutrality Principle
19.07: Coordination Numbers and Geometries
19.7A: The Kepert Model
19.7B: Coordination Numbers in the Solid State
19.7C: Coordination Number 2
19.7D: Coordination Number 3
19.7E: Coordination Number 4
19.7F: Coordination Number 5
19.7G: Coordination Number 6
19.7H: Coordination Number 7
19.7I: Coordination Number 8
19.7J: Coordination Number 9
19.7K: Coordination Numbers of 10 and Above
19.08: Isomerism in d-block Metal Complexes
19.8A: Structural Isomerism - Ionization Isomers
19.8B: Structural Isomerism - Hydration Isomers
19.8C: Structural Isomerism - Coordination Isomerism
19.8D: Structural Isomerism - Linkage Isomerism
19.8E: Stereoisomerism - Diastereomers
19.8F: Stereoisomerism - Enantiomers
20: d-Block Metal Chemistry - Coordination Complexes
20.01: Introduction
20.1A: High- and Low-Spin States
20.02: Bonding in d-block Metal Complexes - Valence Bond Theory
20.2A: Hybridization Schemes
20.2B: The Limitations of VB Theory
20.03: Crystal Field Theory
20.3A: The Octahedral Crystal Field
20.3B: Crystal Field Stabilization Energy - High- and Low-spin Octahedral Complexes
20.3C: Jahn-Teller Distortions
20.3D: The Tetrahedral Crystal Field
20.3E: The Square Planar Crystal Field
20.3F: Other Crystal Fields
20.3G: Crystal Field Theory - Uses and Limitations
20.04: Molecular Orbital Theory - Octahedral Complexes
20.4A: Complexes with no Metal-Ligand (pi)-bonding
20.4B: Complexes with Metal-Ligand (pi)-bonding
20.05: Ligand Field Theory
20.06: Decribing Electrons in Multi-Electron Systems
20.6A: Quantum Number (L) and (M L) for Multi-electron Species
20.6B: Quantum Numbers (S) and (M S) for Multi-electron Species
20.6C: Microstates and Term Symbols
20.6D: The Quantum Numbers (J) and (M J)
20.6E: Ground States of Elements with Z 1-10
20.6F: The d Configuration
20.07: Electronic Spectra - Absorption
20.7A: Spectral Features
20.7B: Charge Transfer Absorptions
20.7C: Selection Rules
20.7D: Electronic Absorption Spectra of Octahedral and Tetrahedral Complexes
20.7E: Interpretation of Electronic Absorption Spectra - Use of Racah Parameters
20.7F: Interpretation of Electronic Absorption Spectra - Tanabe-Sugano Diagrams
20.7G: Help on using Tanabe-Sugano diagrams
20.08: Electronic Spectra - Emission
20.09: Evidence for Metal-Ligand Covalent Bonding
20.9A: The Nephelauxetic Effect
20.9B: EPR Spectroscopy
20.10: Magnetic Properties
20.10A: Magnetic Susceptibility and the Spin-only Formula
20.10B: Spin and Orbital Contributions to the Magnetic Moment
20.10C: The Effects of Temperature on Magnetic Moment
20.10D: Spin Crossover
20.10E: Ferromagnetism Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism
20.11: Thermodynamic Aspects - Ligand Field Stabilization Energies (LFSE)
20.11A: Trends in LFSE
20.11B: Lattice Energies and Hydration Energies of (Mn) Ions
20.11C: Octahedral Versus Tetrahedral Coordination - Spinels
20.12: Thermodynamic Aspects - The Irving-Williams Series
20.13: Thermodynamic Aspects - Oxidation States in Aqueous Solutions
21: d-Block Metal Chemistry - The First Row Metals
21.01: Introduction
21.02: Occurrence Extraction and Uses
21.03: Physical Properties - An Overview
21.04: Group 3 - Scandium
21.4A: Scandium Metal
21.4B: Scandium(III)
21.05: Group 4 - Titanium
21.5A: Titanium Metal
21.5B: Titanium(IV)
21.5C: Titanium(III)
21.5D: Low Oxidation States
21.06: Group 5 - Vanadium
21.6A: The Metal
21.6B: Vanadium(V)
21.6C: Vanadium(IV)
21.6D: Vanadium(III)
21.6E: Vanadium(II)
21.07: Group 6 - Chromium
21.7A: Chromium Metal
21.7B: Chromium(VI)
21.7C: Chromium(V) and Chromium(IV)
21.7D: Chromium(III)
21.7E: Chromium(II)
21.7F: Chromium-Chromium Multiple Bonds
21.08: Group 7 - Manganese
21.8A: The Metal
21.8B: Manganese(VII)
21.8C: Manganese(VI)
21.8D: Manganese(V)
21.8E: Manganese(IV)
21.8F: Manganese(III)
21.8G: Manganese(II)
21.8H: Manganese(I)
21.09: Group 8 - Iron
21.9A: The Metal
21.9B: Iron(VI) Iron(V) and Iron(IV)
21.9C: Iron(III)
21.9D: Iron(II)
21.9E: Iron in Low Oxidation States
21.10: Group 9 - Cobalt
21.10A: The Metal
21.10B: Cobalt(IV)
21.10C: Cobalt(III)
21.10D: Cobalt(II)
21.11: Group 10 - Nickel
21.11A: Chromium Metal
21.11B: Nickel(IV) and Nickel(III)
21.11C: Nickel(II)
21.11D: Nickel(I)
21.12: Group 11 - Copper
21.12A: Copper Metal
21.12B: Copper(IV) and Copper(III)
21.12C: Copper(II)
21.12D: Copper(I)
21.13: Group 12 - Zinc
21.13A: The Metal
21.13B: Zinc(II)
21.13C: Zinc(I)
22: d-Block Metal Chemistry - The Heavier Metals
22.01: Introduction to d-Block Metal Chemistry
22.02: Occurrence Extraction and Uses
22.03: Physical Properties
22.3A: Effects of the Lanthanoid Contraction
22.3B: Coordination Numbers
22.3C: NMR Active Nuclei
22.04: Group 3 - Yttrium
22.4A: The Metal
22.4B: Yttrium(III) Ion
22.05: Group 4 - Zirconium and Hafnium
22.5A: Group 4 - Zirconium and Hafnium
22.5B: Zirconium(IV) and Hafnium(IV)
22.5C: Lower Oxidation States of Zirconium and Hafnium
22.5D: Zirconium Clusters
22.06: Group 5 - Niobium and Tantalum
22.6A: Group 5 - Niobium and Tantalum
22.6B: Niobium(V) and Tantalum(V)
22.6C: Niobium(IV) and Tantalum(IV)
22.6D: Lower Oxidation State Halides
22.07: Group 6 - Molybdenum and Tungsten
22.7A: The Metals
22.7B: Molybdenum(VI) and Tungsten(VI)
22.7C: Molybdenum(V) and Tungsten(V)
22.7D: Molybdenum(IV) and Tungsten(IV)
22.7E: Molybdenum(III) and Tungsten(III)
22.7F: Molybdenum(II) and Tungsten(II)
22.08: Group 7 - Technetium and Rhenium
22.8A: The Metals
22.8B: High Oxidation States of Technetium and Rhenium - M(VII) M(VI) and M(V)
22.8C: Technetium(IV) and Rhenium(IV)
22.8D: Technetium(III) and Rhenium(III)
22.8E: Technetium(I) and Rhenium(I)
22.09: Group 8 - Ruthenium and Osmium
22.9A: The Metals
22.9B: High Oxidation States of Ruthenium and Osmium - M(VIII) M(VII) and M(VI)
22.9C: Ruthenium(V) (IV) and Osmium(V) (IV)
22.9D: Ruthenium(III) and Osmium(III)
22.9E: Ruthenium(II) and Osmium(II)
22.9F: Mixed-valence Ruthenium Complexes
22.10: Group 9 - Rhodium and Iridium
22.10A: The Metals
22.10B: High Oxidation States of Rhodium and Iridium - M(VI) and M(V)
22.10C: Rhodium(IV) and Iridium(IV)
22.10D: Rhodium(III) and Iridium(III)
22.10E: Rhodium(II) and Iridium(II)
22.10F: Rhodium(I) and Iridium(I)
22.11: Group 10 - Palladium and Platinum
22.11A: The Metals
22.11B: The Highest Oxidation States - M(VI) and M(V)
22.11C: Palladium(IV) and Platinum(IV)
22.11D: Palladium(III) Platinum(III) and Mixed-valence Complexes
22.11E: Palladium(II) and Platinum(II)
22.11F: Platinum(-II)
22.12: Group 11 - Silver and Gold
22.12A: The Metals
22.12B: Gold(V) and Silver(V)
22.12C: Gold(III) and Silver(III)
22.12D: Gold(II) and Silver(II)
22.12E: Gold(I) and Silver(I)
22.12F: Gold(-I) and Silver(-I)
22.13: Group 12 - Cadmium and Mercury
22.13A: The Metals
22.13B: Cadmium(II)
22.13C: Mercury(II)
22.13D: Mercury(I)
23: Organometallic chemistry- s-Block and p-Block Elements
23.01: Introduction
23.1A: General Methods of preparation
23.1B: Structure and bonding
23.1C: Characterization of Organometallic Complexes
23.02: Group 1 - Alkali Metal Organometallics
23.03: Group 2 Organometallics
23.3A: Beryllium
23.3B: Magnesium
23.3C: Calcium Strontium and Barium
23.04: Group 13
23.4A: Boron
23.4B: Aluminium
23.4C: Gallium Indium and Thallium
23.05: Group 14
23.5A: Silicon
23.5B: Germanium
23.5C: Tin
23.5D: Lead
23.5E: Coparallel and Tilted (C 5)-rings in Group 14 Metallocenes
23.06: Group 15
23.6A: Bonding Aspects and (EE) Bond Formation
23.6B: Arsenic Antimony and Bismuth
23.07: Group 16
23.7A: Selenium and Tellurium
24: Organometallic chemistry- d-block elements
24.01: Introduction
24.02: Common Types of Ligand - Bonding and Spectroscopy
24.2.01: Metal allyl and diene complexes
24.2A: (sigma)-bonded Alkyl Aryl and Related Ligands
24.2B: Carbonyl Ligands
24.2C: Hydride Ligands
24.2D: Phosphine and Related Ligands
24.2E: (pi)-bonded Organic Ligands
24.2F: Nitrogen Monoxide
24.2G: Dinitrogen
24.2H: Dihydrogen
24.03: The 18-electron Rule
24.04: Metal Carbonyls - Synthesis Physical Properties and Structure
24.4A: Synthesis and Physical Properties
24.4B: Structures
24.05: The Isolobal Principle and Application of Wade's Rules
24.06: Total Valence Electron Counts in d-block Organometallic Clusters
24.6A: Single Cage Structures
24.6B: Condensed Cages
24.6C: Limitations of Total Valence Counting Schemes
24.07: Types of Organometallic Reactions
24.7A: Substitution of CO Ligands
24.7B: Oxidative Addition
24.7C: Alkyl and Hydrogen Migrations
24.7D: (beta)-Hydrogen Elimination
24.7E: (alpha)-Hydrogen Abstraction
24.7F: Summary
24.08: Metal Carbonyls - Selected Reactions
24.09: Metal Carbonyl Hydrides and Halides
24.10: Alkyl Aryl Alkene and Alkyne Complexes
24.10A: (sigma)-Bonded Alkyl and Aryl Ligands
24.10B: Alkene Ligands
24.10C: Alkyne Ligands
24.11: Allyl and Buta-13-diene Complexes
24.11A: Allyl and Related Ligands
24.11B: Buta-13-diene and Related Ligands
24.12: Carbene and Carbyne Complexes
24.13: Complexes Containing (eta5)-cyclopentadienyl Ligands
24.13A: Ferrocene and other Metallocenes
24.13B: ((eta5-Cp) 2Fe 2(CO) 4) and Derivatives
24.14: Complexes Containing (eta6)- and (eta7)-ligands
24.14A: (eta6)-Arene Ligands
24.14B: Cycloheptatriene and Derived Ligands
24.15: Complexes Containing the (eta4)-cyclobutadiene Ligand
24.16: Transition Metal Complexes
24.16.01: Organolead Chemistry
24.16.02: Organomercury Chemistry
24.16.03: Organozinc Chemistry
25: Catalysis and some industrial processes
25.01: Introduction and Definitions
25.02: Catalysis - Introductory Concepts
25.2A: Energy Profiles for a Reaction - Catalysed Versus Non-Catalysed
25.2B: Catalytic Cycles
25.2C: Choosing a Catalyst
25.03: Homogeneous Catalysis - Alkene (Olefin) and Alkyne Metathesis
25.04: Homogeneous Catalytic Reduction of (N 2) to (NH 3)
25.05: Homogeneous Catalysis - Industrial Applications
25.5A: Alkene Hydrogenation
25.5B: Monsanto and Cativa Acetic Acid Synthesis
25.5C: Tennessee-Eastman Acetic Anhydride Process
25.5D: Hydroformylation (Oxo-process)
25.5E: Alkene Oligomerization
25.5F: CC cross-coupling reactions
25.06: Homogeneous Catalyst Development
25.6A: Polymer-Supported Catalysts
25.6B: Biphasic Catalysis
25.6C: d-Block Organometallic Clusters as Homogeneous Catalysts
25.07: Heterogeneous Catalysis - Surfaces and Interactions with Adsorbates
25.08: Heterogeneous Catalysis - Commercial Applications
25.8A: Alkene Polymerization - Ziegler-Natta Catalysis and Metallocene Catalysts
25.8B: Fischer-Tropsch Carbon Chain Growth
25.8C: Haber Process
25.8D: Production of (SO 3) in the Contact Process
25.8E: Catalytic Converters
25.8F: Zeolites as Catalysts for Organic Transformations - Uses of ZSM-5
25.09: Heterogeneous Catalysis - Organometallic Cluster Models
26: d-Block Metal Complexes- Reaction Mechanisms
26.01: Introduction
26.02: Ligand Substitutions - Some General Points
26.2A: Kinetically Inert and Labile Complexes
26.2B: Stoichiometric Equations Say Nothing About Mechanism
26.2C: Types of Substitution Mechanism
26.2D: Activation Parameters
26.03: Substitution in Square Planar Complexes
26.3A: Rate Equations Mechanism and the Trans-effect
26.3B: Ligand Nucleophilicity
26.04: Substitution and Racemization in Octahedral Complexes
26.4A: Water Exchange
26.4B: The Eigen-Wilkins Mechanism
26.4C: Stereochemistry of Substitution
26.4D: Base-Catalysed Hydrolysis
26.4E: Isomerization and Racemization of Octahedral Compleces
26.05: Electron-transfer Processes
26.5A: Inner-sphere Mechanism
26.5B: Outer-sphere Mechanism
27: f-Block Metals- Lanthanides and Actinides
27.01: Introduction
27.02: f-Orbitals and Oxidation States
27.03: Atoms and Ion Sizes
27.3A: The Lanthanoid Contraction
27.3B: Coordination Numbers
27.04: Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties
27.4A: Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Moments - Lanthanoids
27.4B: Luminescence of Lanthanoid Complexes
27.4C: Electronic Spectra and Magnetic Moments - Actinoids
27.05: Sources of the Lanthanoids and Actinoids
27.5A: Occurrence and Separation of the Lanthanoids
27.5B: The Actinoids
27.06: Lanthanoid Metals
27.07: Inorganic Compounds and Coordination Complexes of the Lanthanoids
27.7A: Halides
27.7B: Hydroxides and Oxides
27.7C: Complexes of Ln(III)
27.08: Organometallic Complexes of the Lanthanoids
27.8A: (sigma)-Bonded Complexes
27.8B: Cyclopentadienyl Complexes
27.8C: Bis(arene) Derivatives
27.8D: Complexes Containing the (eta8)-cyclooctatetraenyl Ligand
27.09: The Actinoid Metals