Nguồn ngoài

Microbiology

Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are defined as any microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell (unicellular), cell clusters or no cell at all (acellular). This includes eukaryotes, such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes. Viruses and prions, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied.

Microbiology Biology

Tác giả: Gary Kaiser
Nhà xuất bản: Community College of Baltimore County (Cantonsville)
Nguồn: LibreTexts
Giấy phép: CC BY
Ngôn ngữ: EN
Danh mục: Khoa học cơ bản

Đọc trực tuyến Tải PDF (nguồn mở)

Mục lục· 236 mục

Bacteria
Clostridium tetani
Escherichia coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Helicobacter pylori
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Vibrio cholerae
Unit 1: Introduction to Microbiology and Prokaryotic Cell Anatomy
1: Fundamentals of Microbiology
1.1: Introduction to Microbiology
1.2: Cellular Organization - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
1.3: Classification - The Three Domain System
1.E: Fundamentals of Microbiology (Exercises)
2: The Prokaryotic Cell - Bacteria
2.1: Sizes Shapes and Arrangements of Bacteria
2.2: The Cytoplasmic Membrane
2.3: The Peptidoglycan Cell Wall
2.3A: The Gram-Positive Cell Wall
2.3B: The Gram-Negative Cell Wall
2.3C: The Acid-Fast Cell Wall
2.4: Cellular Components within the Cytoplasm
2.4A: Cytoplasm
2.4B: The Bacterial Chromosome and Nucleoid
2.4C: Plasmids and Transposons
2.4D: Ribosomes
2.4E: Endospores
2.4F: Inclusion Bodies and Organelles Used for Photosynthesis
2.5: Structures Outside the Cell Wall
2.5A: Glycocalyx (Capsules) and Biofilms
2.5B: Flagella
2.5C: Fimbriae and Pili
2.E: The Prokaryotic Cell: Bacteria (Exercises)
Unit 2: Bacterial Genetics and the Chemical Control of Bacteria
3: Bacterial Genetics
3.1: Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bacteria
3.2: Bacterial Quorum Sensing Pathogenicity Islands and Secretion Systems (Injectosomes)
3.3: Enzyme Regulation
3.E: Bacterial Genetics (Exercises)
4: Using Antibiotics and Chemical Agents to Control Bacteria
4.1: An Overview to Control of Microorganisms
4.2: Ways in which Chemical Control Agents Affect Bacteria
4.3: Ways in which Bacteria May Resist Chemical Control Agents
4.E: Using Antibiotics and Chemical Agents to Control Bacteria (Exercises)
Unit 3: Bacterial Pathogenesis
1: Overview of Microbial Pathogenesis
5: Virulence Factors that Promote Colonization
5.0: Prelude to Virulence Factors that Promote Bacterial Colonization
5.1: The Ability to Use Motility and Other Means to Contact Host Cells
5.2: The Ability to Adhere to Host Cells and Resist Physical Removal
5.3: The Ability to Invade Host Cells
5.4: The Ability to Compete for Nutrients
5.5: The Ability to Resist Innate Immune Defenses
5.5A: An Overview to Resisting Innate Immune Defenses
5.5B: The Ability to Resist Phagocytic Engulfment (Attachment and Ingestion) and Antibacterial Peptides
5.5C: The Ability to Resist Phagocytic Destruction
5.6: The Ability to Evade Adaptive Immune Defenses
5.E: Virulence Factors that Promote Colonization (Exercises)
6: Virulence Factors that Damage the Host
6.1: The Ability of PAMPs to Trigger the Production of Inflammatory Cytokines that Result in an Excessive Inflammatory Response
6.1A: Overall Mechanism
6.1B: Gram-Negative Bacterial PAMPs
6.1C: Gram-Positive Bacterial PAMPs
6.1D: Acid-Fast Bacterial PAMPs
6.2: The Ability to Produce Harmful Exotoxins: An Overview
6.2A: Type I Toxins: Superantigens
6.2B: Type II Toxins: Toxins that Damage Host Cell Membranes
6.2C: Type III Toxins: A-B Toxins and other Toxins that Interfere with Host Cell Function
6.3: The Ability to Induce Autoimmune Responses
6.E: Virulence Factors that Damage the Host (Exercises)
Unit 4: Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Viruses
07: The Eukaryotic Cell
7.0: Eukaryotic Cell Anatomy
7.1: The Cytoplasmic Membrane
7.2: The Cell Wall
7.3: The Endomembrane System
7.3A: The Nucleus
7.3B: The Endoplasmic Reticulum
7.3C: The Golgi Complex
7.4: Other Internal Membrane-Bound Organelles
7.4A: Mitochondria
7.4B: Chloroplasts
7.4C: Lysosomes Peroxisomes Vacuoles and Vesicles
7.5: Ribosomes
7.6: The Cytoskeleton
7.7: Flagella and Cilia
7.8: The Endosymbiotic Theory
7.E: The Eukaryotic Cell (Exercises)
08: Fungi
8.1: Overview of Fungi
8.2: Yeasts
8.3: Molds
8.4: Fungal Pathogenicity
8.5: Chemotherapeutic Control of Fungi
8.E: Fungi (Exercises)
09: Protozoa
9.1: Characteristics of Protozoa
9.2: Medically Important Protozoa
9.E: Protozoa (Exercises)
10: Viruses
10.01: General Characteristics of Viruses
10.02: Size and Shapes of Viruses
10.03: Viral Structure
10.04: Classification of Viruses
10.05: Other Acellular Infectious Agents: Viroids and Prions
10.06: Animal Virus Life Cycles: An Overview
10.6A: The Productive Life Cycle of Animal Viruses
10.6B: Productive Life Cycle with Possible Latency
10.6C: The Life Cycle of HIV
10.6D: Natural History of a Typical HIV Infection
10.6E: The Role of Viruses in Tumor Production
10.07: Bacteriophage Life Cycles: An Overview
10.7A: The Lytic Life Cycle of Bacteriophages
10.7B: The Lysogenic Life Cycle of Bacteriophages
10.08: Pathogenicity of Animal Viruses
10.09: Bacteriophage-Induced Alterations of Bacteria
10.10: Antiviral Agents
10.11: General Categories of Viral Infections
10.E: Viruses (Exercises)
Unit 5: Innate Immunity
11.1: The Innate Immune System: An Overview
11.2: Defense Cells in the Blood: The Leukocytes
11.3: Defense Cells in the Tissue - Dendritic Cells Macrophages and Mast Cells
11.3: Immediate Innate Immunity
11.3A: Antimicrobial Enzymes and Antimicrobial Peptides
11.3B: The Complement System
11.3C: Anatomical Barriers to Infection Mechanical Removal of Microbes and Bacterial Antagonism by Normal Body Microbiota
11.4: Early Induced Innate Immunity
11.3A: Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
11.3B: Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
11.3C: Cytokines Important in Innate Immunity
11.3D: Harmful Effects Associated with Abnormal Pattern-Recognition Receptor Responses Variations in Innate Immune Signaling Pathways and or Levels of Cytokine Production
11.3E: Phagocytosis
11.3F: Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) and Invariant Natural Killer T-Lymphocytes (iNKT Cells)
11.3G: Inflammation
11.3H: Nutritional Immunity
11.3I: Fever
11.3J: The Acute Phase Response
11.3K: Intraepithelial T-lymphocytes and B-1 cells
11.E: Innate Immunity (Exercises)
Unit 6: Adaptive Immunity
12: Introduction to Adaptive Immunity
12.1: An Overview of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
12.2: Antigens and Epitopes
12.3: Major Cells and Key Cell Surface Molecules Involved in Adaptive Immune Responses
12.3A: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecules
12.3B: Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
12.3C: T4-Lymphocytes (T4-Cells)
12.3D: T8-Lymphocytes (T8-Cells)
12.3E: Invarient Natural Killer T-Lymphocytes (iNKT Cells)
12.3F: B-Lymphocytes (B-Cells)
12.3G: Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
12.4: The Lymphoid System
12.5: An Overview of the Steps Involved in Adaptive Immune Responses
12.E: Introduction to Adaptive Immunity (Exercises)
13: Humoral Immunity
13.1: Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)
13.1B: Antibody Structure
13.1C: The 5 Classes (Isotypes) of Human Antibodies
13.1D: Generation of Antibody Diversity
13.1E: Clonal Selection and Clonal Expansion
13.1F: Anamnestic (Memory) Response
13.2: Ways That Antibodies Help to Defend the Body
13.2A: Opsonization
13.2B: Cytolysis by the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
13.2C: Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) by Natural Killer Cells
13.2D: Neutralization of Exotoxins
13.2E: Neutralization of Viruses
13.2F: Preventing Bacterial Adherence
13.2G: Agglutination of Microorganisms
13.2H: Immobilization of Bacteria and Protozoans
13.2I: Promoting an Inflammatory Response
13.3: Naturally and Artificially Acquired Active and Passive Immunity
13.3A: Naturally Acquired Immunity
13.3B: Artificially Acquired Immunity
13.E: Humoral Immunity (Exercises)
14: Cell-Mediated Immunity
14.1: Cell-Mediated Immunity - An Overview
14.2: Activating Antigen-Specific Cytotoxic T- Lymphocytes
14.3: Activating Macrophages and NK Cells
14.4: Stimulating Cells to Secrete Cytokines
14.E: Cell-Mediated Immunity (Exercises)
15: Immunodeficiency
15.1: Primary Immunodeficiency
15.2: Secondary Immunodeficiency
15.E: Immunodeficiency (Exercises)
16: Hypersensitivities
16.1: Immediate Hypersensitivities: Type I
16.2: Immediate Hypersensitivities: Type II
16.3: Immediate Hypersensitivities: Type III
16.4: Immediate Hypersensitivities - Type V
16.5: Delayed Hypersensitivities - Type IV
16.6: Superantigens
16.E: Hypersensitivities (Exercises)
Unit 7: Microbial Genetics and Microbial Metabolism
17: Bacterial Growth and Energy Production
17.1: Bacterial Growth
17.2: Factors that Influence Bacterial Growth
17.3: Energy
17.4: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
17.5: Phosphorylation Mechanisms for Generating ATP
17.6: The Flow of Energy in Nature
17.E: Bacterial Growth and Energy Production (Exercises)
18: Microbial Metabolism
18.2: Overview of Cellular Respiration
18.3: Aerobic Respiration
18.3A: Glycolysis
18.3B: Transition Reaction
18.3C: Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
18.3D: Electron Transport Chain and Chemisomosis
18.3E: Theoretical ATP Yield
18.4: Anaerobic Respiration
18.5: Fermentation
18.6: Precursor Metabolites: Linking Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways
18.7: Photosynthesis
18.7A: Introduction to Photosynthesis
18.7B: Oxygenic Photosynthesis: Light-Dependent Reactions
18.7C: Oxygenic Photosynthesis: Light-Independent Reactions
18.7D: C4 and CAM Pathways in Plants
18.E: Microbial Metabolism (Exercises)
19: Review of Molecular Genetics
19.1: Polypeptides and Proteins
19.2: Enzymes
19.3: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
19.4: DNA Replication in Prokaryotic Cells
19.5: DNA Replication in Eukaryotic Cells and the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
19.6: Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
19.7: Polypeptide and Protein Synthesis
19.7A: Transcription
19.7B: Translation
19.8: Enzyme Regulation
19.9: Mutation
19.E: Review of Molecular Genetics (Exercises)